4.1-4.3e Social Psychology

Question 1

how we form impressions of ourselves and others, including attributions of behavior

Answer 1

person perception

Question 2

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s stable, enduring traits.

Answer 2

attribution theory

Question 3

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behaviors, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Answer 3

fundamental attribution error

Question 4

the tendency for those acting in a situation to attribute their behavior to external causes, but for observers to attribute others’ behavior to internal causes.

Answer 4

actor-observer bias

Question 5

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members

Answer 5

prejudice

Question 6

a generalized belief about a group of people

Answer 6

stereotype

Question 7

unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group or its members

Answer 7

discrimination

Question 8

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Answer 8

just-world phenomenon

Question 9

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

Answer 9

social identity

Question 10

“us” – people with whom we share a common identity

Answer 10

ingroup

Question 11

“them” – those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Answer 11

outgroup

Question 12

the tendency to favor our own group

Answer 12

ingroup bias

Question 13

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Answer 13

scapegoat theory

Question 14

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races.

Answer 14

other-race effect

Question 15

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Answer 15

attitudes

Question 16

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Answer 16

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Question 17

a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Answer 17

role

Question 18

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.

Answer 18

cognitive dissonance theory

Question 19

changing people’s attitudes, potentially influencing their actions

Answer 19

persuasion

Question 20

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers’ attractiveness

Answer 20

peripheral route persuasion

Question 21

occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments

Answer 21

central route persuasion

Question 22

a society’s understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior in individual and social situations

Answer 22

norms

Question 23

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Answer 23

conformity

Question 24

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Answer 24

normative social influence

Question 25

influence resulting from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

Answer 25

informational social influence

Question 26

complying with an order or command

Answer 26

obedience

Question 27

in the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks

Answer 27

social facilitation

Question 28

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal (group project) than when individually accountable

Answer 28

social loafing

Question 29

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Answer 29

deindividuation

Question 30

the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Answer 30

group polarization

Question 31

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Answer 31

groupthink

Question 32

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Answer 32

culture

Question 33

a place with clearly defined and reliably imposed norms

Answer 33

tight culture

Question 34

a place with flexible and informal norms

Answer 34

loose culture

Question 35

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Answer 35

aggression

Question 36

the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression

Answer 36

frustration-aggression principle

Question 37

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Answer 37

social script

Question 38

the tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them

Answer 38

mere exposure effect

Question 39

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

Answer 39

passionate love

Question 40

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Answer 40

companionate love

Question 41

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

Answer 41

equity

Question 42

the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

Answer 42

self-disclosure

Question 43

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Answer 43

altruism

Question 44

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Answer 44

bystander effect

Question 45

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize cost

Answer 45

social exchange theory

Question 46

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Answer 46

reciprocity norm

Question 47

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

Answer 47

social-responsibility norm

Question 48

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas

Answer 48

conflict

Question 49

a situation in which two parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Answer 49

social trap

Question 50

mutual views often held by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Answer 50

mirror-image perceptions

Question 51

a belief that leads to its own fufillment

Answer 51

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 52

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Answer 52

superordinate goals

Question 53

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction; a strategy used to decrease international tensions

Answer 53

GRIT