Unit 0

Question 1

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen in

Answer 1

hindsight bias

Question 1

thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions. It examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Answer 1

critical thinking

Question 2

3 key elements of the scientific attitude

Answer 2

Curious, skeptical, humble

Question 3

scientific experts who evaluate a research article’s theory, originality, and accuracy

Answer 3

peer reviewers

Question 4

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Answer 4

theory

Question 5

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Answer 5

hypothesis

Question 6

the possibility that an idea, hypothesis, or theory can be disproven by observation or experiment

Answer 6

falsifiable

Question 7

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

Answer 7

operational definition

Question 8

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

Answer 8

replication

Question 9

a non-experimental technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Answer 9

case study

Question 10

a non-experimental technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Answer 10

naturalistic observation

Question 11

a non-experimental technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually be questioning a representative, random sample of the group

Answer 11

survey

Question 12

bias from peoples responding in ways they presume a researcher expects or wishes

Answer 12

social desirability bias

Question 13

bias when people report their behavior inaccurately

Answer 13

self-report bias

Question 14

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

Answer 14

sampling bias

Question 15

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Answer 15

random sample

Question 16

all those in a group being studied, from which a random sample may be drawn

Answer 16

population

Question 17

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Answer 17

correlation

Question 18

a statistical index of the relationship between two variables

Answer 18

correlational coefficient

Question 19

anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

Answer 19

variable

Question 20

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.

Answer 20

scatterplot

Question 21

perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship

Answer 21

illusory correlation

Question 22

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back toward the average

Answer 22

regression toward the mean

Question 23

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

Answer 23

experiment

Question 24

in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment - that is, to one version of the independent variable

Answer 24

experimental group

Question 25

in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment, serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

Answer 25

control group

Question 26

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups

Answer 26

random assignment

Question 27

an experimental procedure in which the research participants are ignorant (blind) about whether they have received the treatment or placebo

Answer 27

single-blind procedure

Question 28

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo

Answer 28

double-blind procedure

Question 29

experimental results caused by expectations alone, any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an insert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

Answer 29

placebo effect

Question 30

in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Answer 30

independent variable

Question 31

in an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might affect a study's results

Answer 31

confounding variable

Question 32

bias caused when researchers may unintentionally influence results to confirm their own beliefs

Answer 32

experimenter bias

Question 33

in an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

Answer 33

dependent variable

Question 34

the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Answer 34

validity

Question 35

a research method that relies on quantifiable, numerical data

Answer 35

quantitative research

Question 36

a research method that relies on in-depth, narrative data that are not translated into numbers

Answer 36

qualitative research

Question 37

giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Answer 37

informed consent

Question 38

the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any descriptions, to its participants

Answer 38

debriefing

Question 39

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups; include measures of central tendency and measures of variation

Answer 39

descriptive statistics

Question 40

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

Answer 40

histogram

Question 41

the percentage of scores that are lower than a given score

Answer 41

percentile rank

Question 42

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

Answer 42

skewed distribution

Question 43

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Answer 43

standard deviation

Question 44

numerical data that allows one to generalize -- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

Answer 44

inferential statistics

Question 45

a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

Answer 45

meta-analysis

Question 46

a statistical statement of how likely it is that a result occurred by chance, assuming there is no difference between the populations being studied

Answer 46

statistical sigificance

Question 47

the strength of the relationship between two variables

Answer 47

effect size