4.4-4.7c

Question 1

Theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

Answer 1

humanistic theories

Question 2

Maslow’s levels of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs

Answer 2

hierarchy of needs

Question 3

one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

Answer 3

self-actualization

Question 4

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

Answer 4

self-transcendence

Question 5

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Answer 5

unconditional positive regard

Question 6

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

Answer 6

self-concept

Question 7

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

Answer 7

trait

Question 8

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

Answer 8

personality inventory

Question 9

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes

Answer 9

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Question 10

a test created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between 2 groups

Answer 10

empirically derived test

Question 11

The Big Five factors that describe personality

Answer 11

Openness, conscientiousness m extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Question 12

a view of behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context

Answer 12

social-cognitive perspective

Question 13

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

Answer 13

behavioral approach

Question 14

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Answer 14

reciprocal determinism

Question 15

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Answer 15

Personality

Question 16

A method of exploring the unconscious where the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

Answer 16

Free Association

Question 17

The pleasure principle, unconscious, immediate gratification

Answer 17

Id

Question 18

The reality principle, partly conscious

Answer 18

Ego

Question 19

The morality principle, partly conscious, internalized ideas

Answer 19

Superego

Question 20

Tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety, distorting reality

Answer 20

defense mechanisms

Question 21

Unconscious blocking of unpleasant emotions, impulses, memories, and thoughts from your conscious mind (a defense mechanism)

Answer 21

Repression

Question 22

An individual copes with stressful relationships by retreating to an earlier developmental stage (a defense mechanism)

Answer 22

Regression

Question 23

An individual recognizes their unacceptable traits in someone else to avoid recognizing those traits in themselves (a defense mechanism)

Answer 23

Projection

Question 24

A person unconsciously replaces an unwanted impulse with its opposite (a defense mechanism)

Answer 24

Reaction Formation

Question 25

Involves channeling unwanted or unacceptable urges into an admissable or productive outlet (a defense mechanism)

Answer 25

Sublimation

Question 26

Justifying behaviors, thoughts, or feelings, by using logical explanations (a defense mechanism)

Answer 26

Rationalization

Question 27

A refusal to accept reality (a defense mechanism)

Answer 27

Denial

Question 28

A person redirects a negative emotion from its original source to a less threatening recipient (a defense mechanism)

Answer 28

Displacement

Question 29

A personality test which goal is to trigger projecting your inner dynamics (unconscious)

Answer 29

Projective tests

Question 30

People express their inner feelings and emotions in this projective test through the stories that make up about ambiguous scenes

Answer 30

Thematic Apperception Tests

Question 31

A projective test, Seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing how they interpret inkblots

Answer 31

Rorschach Inkblots

Question 32

the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Answer 32

Self/self-concept

Question 33

Our feelings of high or low self-worth

Answer 33

Self-esteem

Question 34

Our sense of competence and effectiveness

Answer 34

Self-efficacy

Question 35

A readiness to perceive ourselves favorably

Answer 35

Self-serving bias

Question 36

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Answer 36

motivation

Question 37

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Answer 37

instinct

Question 38

a basic bodily requirement

Answer 38

physiological need

Question 39

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Answer 39

drive-reduction theory

Question 40

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Answer 40

homeostasis

Question 41

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Answer 41

incentive

Question 42

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Answer 42

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 43

the point at which the "weight thermostat" may be set. When the body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight

Answer 43

set point

Question 44

the body's resting rate of energy output

Answer 44

basal metabolic rate

Question 45

a response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience resulting from one's interpretations.

Answer 45

emotion

Question 46

a machine used in attempts to detect lies; measures emotion-linked changes in perspiration, heart rate, and breathing

Answer 46

polygraph

Question 47

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

Answer 47

facial feedback effect

Question 48

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions

Answer 48

behavior feedback effect