4.1: Anatomy of the Skeleton- Overview & Axial Skeleton Flashcards
Identify anatomical structures of the skeletal system, including bones and ligaments and describe their function (53 cards)
1
Q
Skeletal Functions
A
(SPAMS)
1. Storage of minerals (esp. Calcium)
2. Protection of internal organs
3. Attachment ( muscles, tendons, ligaments)
4. Movement (appendicular skeleton)
5. Support against gravity (heavy bones of the legs)
2
Q
Bone Types
A
F- Flat
I- Irregular
L- Long
S- Short
S- Sesamoid
3
Q
Flat Bones
A
-Protect Internal Organs
4
Q
Long Bones
A
- Support Weight
- Facilitate Movement
5
Q
Short Bones
A
- are cubed shaped
- enable movement
6
Q
Irregular Bones
A
- have complex shapes
- some designed for movement
- some designed for protection
7
Q
Sesamoid Bones
A
- Reinforce tendons
8
Q
Bone Landmarks
A
distinct markings, ridges, grooves, or holes found on each bone
9
Q
Foramen
Fissure
Canal
A
- openings in bone to allow for nerves, blood supply, or a passageway
10
Q
Sinus
A
- hollow chamber in bone, usually filled with air
- helps reduce weight
11
Q
Process, ramus
A
- elevations in bone
12
Q
Trochanter
Tuberosity
Tubercle
Crest
Line
Spine
A
- processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment
13
Q
Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet
A
- processes designed for articulation with adjacent bones
14
Q
Fossa, sulcus
A
- depressions in bone
- a “dip” in bone
15
Q
skull
A
formed by 22 bones
- the cranium (8 bones)
- facial bones (14 bones)
16
Q
cranium
A
- protects the brains
- composed of eight bones fitted tightly together in adults
17
Q
fontanelles
A
- “soft spots.”
- allow the bones of the skull to compress during childbirth
- expand to accommodate a rapidly growing infant brain
- begin to close around two months but may last up to two years
18
Q
frontal bone
A
(one bone)
- forms the forehead
19
Q
parietal bones
A
(two, paired bones)
- extend to the sides
20
Q
occipital bone
A
- curves to form the base of the skull
21
Q
temporal bone
A
- below the much larger parietal bones
- each one has an opening that leads to the middle ear
22
Q
sphenoid bone
A
- completes the sides of the skull
- contributes to the floors and walls of the eye sockets
- lie inside the skull
23
Q
ethmoid bone
A
- lies in front of the sphenoid
- part of the orbital wall
- a component of the nasal septum
- lie inside the skull
24
Q
foramen magnum
A
- large opening in the occipital bone
- through which the spinal cord passes to become the brain stem
25
sinuses
- the bones of the cranium contain air spaces lined by mucous membrane
- reduce the weight of the skull
- give a resonant sound to the voice
- mastoid sinuses (2) drain into the middle ear
26
mastoiditis
- an inflammation of the mastoid sinuses
- a condition that can lead to deafness
- usually found in children younger than 2 yrs
27
sinusitis
- "sinus infection"
- soft tissues inside the sinuses become inflamed
- caused by a virus, bacteria, fungi or allergy
28
foramina
- allows for passage for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord
29
carotid canal
- an opening of the temporal bone for the internal carotid artery
30
external acoustic meatus
- opening to the middle ear
- located within the temporal bone
- transmission of sound
31
number of facial bones
fourteen
32
mandible
- lower jaw
- the only movable portion of the skull
33
maxillae
- the upper jaw
- forms the anterior portion of the hard palate
- contains the infraorbital foramen
34
zygomatic bones
- cheekbone prominences
35
nasal bones
- form the bridge of the nose
36
palatine bones
- make up the posterior portion of the hard palate
- floor of the nasal cavity
37
lacrimal bone
- thin, scale-like bone lies between an ethmoid bone and a maxillary bone
38
vomer
- thin, flat bone
- joins with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid to form the nasal septum
39
inferior nasal conchae
- bones located inferiorly to the middle conchae
40
middle and superior nasal conchae
- formed from the grooves of the ethmoid bone
- swirl the air as it is breathed in through the nasal passages
- helping to warm and humidify the air before it enters the lower respiratory system
41
vertebral column
- extends from the skull to the pelvis
- four curvatures that provide more resilience and strength in an upright posture than a straight column could
- seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
- twelve thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
- five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
- one sacrum
- one coccyx
42
spinous processes
- located on the dorsal side of the vertebrae
- can be palpated as bony projections along the midline of the neck and back
43
Define palpate
to examined externally by touch
44
vertebral body
- the anterior portion of the vertebrae
- most surface area
45
articular facets
- allow adjacent vertebrae to articulate with each other
46
cervical vertebra
- a long spinous process with a bifid tip that splits into two parts posteriorly (except for C1)
- bodies are small
- vertebral foramen are large
47
transverse processes
- have transverse foramina
- passage of the vertebral arteries and veins
48
thoracic vertebra
- a long, thin spinous process inferiorly
- vertebral bodies are medium-sized with facets for rib articulations
- transverse processes have costal facets for rib articulations
49
lumbar vertebra
- spinous process: shorter, broader and points posteriorly
- vertebral bodies: largest, enabling it to support the weight of the head, neck, trunk, and upper limbs
- transverse processes: shorter and have no costal facets
- vertebral foramen: smallest and triangular-shaped
50
sacrum
- comprised of five fused bones at the base of the spine: widest portion & articulates with the L5 vertebra above it
- provide attachment sites for many ligaments and tendons
51
coccyx
- comprised of four to five fused vertebrae
- begin to fuse by around age 25
- provide attachment sites for many ligaments and tendons
52
ribs
- twelve pairs
- all connect directly to the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
- Ribs 1-7 connect directly to the sternum
- Ribs 8-10 connect to the sternum indirectly via shafts of cartilage to the sternum
53
"floating ribs"
- lower two pairs of ribs (ribs 11 and 12)
- they do not attach to the sternum
