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psychology > 4.1.4 psychopathology > Flashcards

4.1.4 psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 definitions of abnormality

A 
There are 4 definitions of abnormality:
Deviation from social norms 
Failure to function adequately  
Deviation from ideal metal health ( Marie Jahoda ( 1958) ) 
Statistical infrequency
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2
Q

definition of abnormality- deviation from social norms

A

every society has norms, unwritten rules for acceptable behaviour, any behaviour that goes against this is a deviation from social norms
draws a line between desirable and undesirable behaviours and labels individuals behaving undesirably as social deviants

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3
Q

definition of abnormality- failure to function adequately

A

behaviour suggests that they cannot cope with everyday life.
abnormal when it causes distress leading to an inability to function adequately, like disrupting the ability to work.

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4
Q

features of personal dysfunction- personal distress

A

key feature, involves depression/anxiety

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5
Q

features of personal dysfunction- maladaptive behaviour

A

behaviour stopping individuals from attaining life goals, both socially and occupationally

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6
Q

features of personal dysfunction- unpredictability

A

displaying unexpected behaviours characterised by loss of control, like attempting suicide after failing a test

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7
Q

features of personal dysfunction- irrationality

A

displaying behaviour that cannot be explained in a rational way

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8
Q

features of personal dysfunction- observer discomfort

A

displaying behaviours makes other uncomfortable

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9
Q

features of a personal dysfunction- violation of moral standards

A

displaying behaviour that violates society’s moral standards

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10
Q

features of a personal dysfunction- unconventionality

A

displaying unconventional behaviours

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11
Q

assessing coping

A

clinicians use the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF), which rates their level of social, occupational and psychological functioning

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12
Q

strengths of failure to function adequately

A

matches sufferers perception

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13
Q

definition of abnormality- deviation from ideal metal health

A

failure to meet the criteria for perfect psychological wellbeing.
Jahoda (1958) devised the idea of ideal mental health. has 6 characteristics an individual must exhibit in order to be ‘normal’
characteristics- self-actualisation, positive attitudes towards self, autonomy, resisting stress, accurate perception of reality and environmental mastery

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14
Q

Jahoda’s criteria- positive attitudes towards self

A

having self-respect and a positive self-concept

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15
Q

Jahoda’s criteria- self-actualisation

A

experiencing personal growth and development

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16
Q

Jahoda’s criteria- autonomy

A

being independent, self-reliant and able to make personal decisions

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17
Q

Jahoda’s criteria- resisting stress

A

effective coping strategies and being able to cope with everyday anxiety-provoking situations

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18
Q

Jahoda’s criteria- accurate perceptions of reality

A

percieving the world in a non-distorted way.

having an objective and realistic view of the world

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19
Q

Jahoda’s criteria- environmental mastery

A

being competent in all aspects of life and able to meet the demands of any situation. having the flexibility to adapt to changing life circumstances

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20
Q

definition of abnormality- statistical infrequency

A

behaviours that are statistically rare should be seen as abnormal
depends in natural distribution

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21
Q

phobias

A

a type of anxiety disorder
characterised by uncontrollable, extreme, irrational and enduring fears and involve anxiety levels out of proportion to any actual risk

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22
Q

phobias- behavioural symptoms

A

avoidant/anxiety type- confrontation with feared stimulus produces high anxiety responses and so efforts are made to avoid the chances of anxiety responses
disruption of functioning- anxiety and fear responses are so extreme that they severely interfere with the ability to conduct everyday working and social functioning

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23
Q

phobias- emotional symptoms

A

persistent, excessive fear- produce high levels of anxiety due to the presence of or the anticipation of the feared object/situation
fear from exposure- produce an immediate fear response, even panic attacks due to the presentation of the feared phobic object/situation

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24
Q

phobias- cognitive symptoms

A

recognition of exaggerated anxiety- are typically consciously aware the anxiety levels they experience are overstated

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25
Q

phobia sub-types

A
  1. simple
  2. social
  3. agoraphobia
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26
Q

simple phobias

A

specific

sufferers have fears of specific things and environments

27
Q

simple phobias divisions

A

animal
injury
situational
natural

28
Q

social phobias

A

commonly experienced
involve being overly anxious in social situations like having to talk in public
involve the perception of being judged and feeling inadequate

29
Q

social phobias divisions

A

performance
interaction
generalised

30
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of leaving home or a safe place
often occurs with panic attacks
can be brought about via the fear of contamination

31
Q

depression

A

affective mood disorder involving lengthy disturbances of emotions
can occur in cycles

32
Q

unipolar depression

A

without mania

33
Q

unipolar depression- behavioural symptoms

A 
loss of energy
social impairment 
weight changes
poor personal hygiene 
sleep pattern disturbance
34
Q

unipolar depression- emotional symptoms

A

loss of enthusiasm- lessened concern with/ lack of pleasure in daily activities
constant depressed mood- overwhelming feeling of sadness or hopelessness
worthlessness- constant feelings of reduced worth/inappropriate feelings of guilt

35
Q

unipolar depression- cognitive symptoms

A

delusions- some, generally concerning guilt, punishment, personal inadequacy or disease. some experience hallucinations
reduced concentration
thoughts of death
poor memory

36
Q

bipolar depression

A

manic

37
Q

bipolar depression- behavioural symptoms

A

high energy levels-boundless energy, resulting in increased work output
reckless behaviour
talkative

38
Q

bipolar depression- emotional symptoms

A

elevated mood states- constant ‘high’ moods are common with intense feelings of euphoria
irritability- often frustrated/irritable when they dont get their own way
lack of guilt- social inhibition

39
Q

bipolar depression- cognitive symptoms

A

delusions

irrational thought processes

40
Q

OCD

A

anxiety disorder where sufferers experience persistent and intrusive thoughts occuring as obsessions, compulsions or a combination of both

41
Q

obsessions

A

forbidden/inappropriate ideas and visual images that arent based on reality

42
Q

compulsions

A

intense, uncontrollable urges to repetitively perform tasks and behaviours
attempt to reduce distress or prevent feared events
can include avoidance

43
Q

obsessions - behavioural symptoms

A

hinder everyday functioning
social impairment- anxiety levels generated are so high as to limit the ability to conduct meaningful interpersonal relationships

44
Q

obsessions- emotional symptoms

A

extreme anxiety

45
Q

obsessions- cognitive symptoms

A

recurrent and persistent thoughts- experience constantly repeated obsessive thoughts and ideas of an obsessive nature
recognised as self-generated
realisation of inappropriateness
attentional bias- perception tends to be focused on anxiety-generating stimuli

46
Q

compulsions- behavioural symptoms

A

repetitive- feel compelled to repeat behaviours
hinder everyday functioning
social impairment

47
Q

compulsions- emotional symptoms

A

distress

48
Q

compulsions- cognitive symptoms

A

uncontrollable urges

realisation of inappropriateness

49
Q

common compulsions

A 
excessive washing/cleaning 
excessive checking 
repetition 
mental compulsions 
hoarding
50
Q

behavioural approach to explaining phobias

A

see phobias as learnt through experience via association.
in classical conditioning, a stimulus becomes associated with a response, while operant conditioning involves learning behaviour due to consequences.
social learning theory where behaviour is learnt through observation and imitation of another

51
Q

two-process model

A

onset- directly through classical conditioning or indirectly through social learning
maintenance- through operant conditioning, where avoiding/escaping acts as a negative reinforcer, reward being the reduction of anxiety

52
Q

treating phobias- systematic desensitisation

A

main- developed by Wolpe (1958) and is based on classical conditioning
learn in stages to replace fear responses with feelings of calm.
anxiety and relaxation are seen as incapable of co-existing simultaneously

53
Q

treating phobias- systematic desensitisation hierarchy

A

goes from least to most feared types of contact
contact is usually achieved by imagining scenarios (covert desensitisation) but sometimes include actual scenarios (in vivo desensitisation)

54
Q

cognitive approach to depression- Beck’s negative triad

A

believes people become depressed because the world is seen negatively through negative schemas which dominate thinking and are triggered when in situations similar to when negative schemas are formed

55
Q

negative schemas

A

developing in childhood and adolescence, when authority figures place unreal demands on individuals and are highly critical
fuelled by cognitive biases

56
Q

types of negative schemas

A

ineptness schema- make depressives expect to fail
self-blame schemas- make depressives feel responsible for all misfortunes
negative self-evaluation schemas- constantly remind depressives of their worthlessness

57
Q

cognitive bias- arbitrary inference

A

conclusions drawn in the absence of sufficient evidence

58
Q

cognitive bias- selective abstraction

A

conclusions drawn from just 1 part of a situtaion

59
Q

cognitive bias- overgeneralisation

A

sweeping conclusions drawn on the basis of a single event

60
Q

cognitive bias- magnification and minimisation

A

exaggerations in evaluation of performance

61
Q

Beck’s negative triad

A

negative schemas, together with cognitive biases, maintain the negative triad, which sees negative thoughts as being:

  1. the self- sees themself as being helpless
  2. the world- obstacles are percieved within 1’s environment that cannot be dealt with
  3. the future- persons worthlessness is seen as blocking improvement
62
Q

cognitive approach to depression- Ellis’ ABC model

A

believes depressives mistakenly blame external events for their unhappiness, thought it is their interpretation of the events that is responsible for their distress
A- activating event- something happens in the environment
B- beliefs- hold a belief about the event/situation
C- consequence- have an emotional response to your belief

63
Q

genetic explanation to depression

A

centres on the idea that the vulnerability to depression is inherited.
generally researched through twin and adoption studies

psychology (17 decks)

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