psych mock paper 3 2020 and 2019

Question 1

what is psychic determinism

Answer 1

adult behaviour, eg anxiety, pen-chewing, tidying, relationship problems, is determined by childhood/early experiences and by innate, unconscious drives/motives

Question 2

what is the main part of social exchange theory

Answer 2

A theory that proposes individuals focus on getting out more than they put in.

Question 3

what is Rusbults model of romantic relationships

Answer 3

Rusbult saw commitment is key factor in sustaining a relationship – commitment depends on
satisfaction, comparison with alternatives and investment
satisfaction is determined by available alternatives – better alternatives mean less satisfaction

Question 4

what does investment act in Rusbult’s model

Answer 4

investment acts as a deterrent to leaving a relationship – intrinsic investment – resources put into the relationship directly, eg emotion, effort etc – extrinsic investment – resources arising out of the relationship, eg children, mutual friends, possessions bought together

Question 5

what are strengths of Rusbult’s model

Answer 5

• Le and Agnew (2003) – showed the importance of satisfaction, alternative and investment in commitment
• Rusbult (1998)- support in homosexual relationships

Question 6

what did Le and Agnew (2003) find in support of Rusbult’s model

Answer 6

conducted a meta-analysis of 52 studies, featuring 11,000 participants in total
discovered that satisfaction, comparison with alternatives and investment greatly contributed to commitment and commitment was a defining feature of long-lasting relationships

Question 7

what did Rusbult (1998) found that supports the investment theory in regards to homosexual couples

Answer 7

administered IMS questionnaire to participants in homosexual relationships, finding support for all factors of the model

Question 8

how may a cognitive psychologist treat schizophrenia

Answer 8

could be helped to identify irrational thoughts/beliefs
help understand they arent real
give alternative explanations
strategies to counter irrational thoughts

Question 9

what are psychodynamic explanations

Answer 9

defence mechanisms allow the criminal to unconsciously justify criminal behaviour
Bowlby stated maternal deprivation leads to consequences such as
affectionless psychopathy and delinquency
superego

Question 10

what is meant by socially sensitive research

Answer 10

• where the topic area and/or group studied can have implications for society/certain groups in
  society
• potentially leading to a change in, or justification for, the way these groups are treated/perceived

Question 11

what is the social exchange theory

Answer 11

• considers how partners exchange rewards and costs
• assumes that those who offer rewards are attractive and those who are perceived to involve great cost are less attractive

Question 12

what are more parts to social exchange theory

Answer 12

• Thibaut and Kelley’s 4-stage model – sampling, bargaining, commitment, institutionalisation
• uses comparison level and comparison level alternatives
• predicts that relationships that benefit both parties will succeed whereas relationships that are
imbalanced will fail.

Question 13

what is an evaluation of social exchange theory

Answer 13

• assumes people make rational and calculated decisions about romantic relationships
• can account for individual differences in attraction as different people will perceive certain rewards and
costs differently
• explains maintenance better than initial attraction – as time goes on costs become more evident
• oversimplifies complex human romantic relationships – does not account for selfless behaviour
• comparison with Rusbult’s elaboration of the theory

Question 14

what is an interactionist approach to schizophrenia- the diathesis stress model

Answer 14

• diathesis-stress model combines effects of internal vulnerability and external stress trigger
• vulnerability (diathesis) originally thought to be genetic, now includes vulnerabilities due to childhood
trauma which might have affected brain development
• stress trigger would be any negative psychological experience, eg breakdown of relationship,
academic pressure

Question 15

what is psychological contributions to the onset of schizophrenia- family dysfunction

Answer 15

maladaptive relationships and patterns of communications within families as sources of stress which can cause or influence the development of schizophrenia
parents usually have the following characteristics:
1. high levels of interpersonal conflict ( arguments)
2. difficulty communicating
3. excessively critical and controlling of their children

Question 16

what is the biological contribution to the onset of schizophrenia- dopamine hypothesis

Answer 16

dopamine acts to increase the rate of firing of neurons during synapse, which enhances communication between neurons
Snyder (1976) argued it was if too much dopamine is released during synapse

Question 17

what is the interactionist approach to treating schizophrenia

Answer 17

anti-psychotic medication with psychological therapy

Question 18

what is atypical anti-psychotic drugs as treatment for schizophrenia

Answer 18

(eg clozapine and risperidone) block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters eg acetylcholine and serotonin; also address the negative symptoms such as avolition

Question 19

what are typical antipsychotic drugs as a treatment for schizophrenia

Answer 19

typical antipsychotics (eg chlorpromazine) are dopamine antagonists reducing dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse. 
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming/sedative effect

Question 20

what is the evaluation of using drugs to treat sz

Answer 20

horrible side effects - Lieberman et al (2005)
relatively cheap to produce
high relapse rate- 40% in the 1st year after treatment 15% in later years

Question 21

what is CBT as an treatment for schizophrenia

Answer 21

change maladaptive thinking
modify hallucinations and delusions
one approach is PT and RET

Question 22

what is PT as an treatment for schizophrenia

Answer 22

looks at personal experiences, problems, triggers and consequences

Question 23

what is cognitive techniques involved in PT and CBT

Answer 23

• distractions from intrusive thoughts
• challenge meaning of intrusive thoughts
• increasing/decreasing social activity- distract low mood
• use relaxation techniques

Question 24

what is token economies as an treatment for schizophrenia

Question 25

what is the evaluation for the CBT as an treatment for schizophrenia

Answer 25

jauhar et al ( 2014)

Zimmerman et al (2005)

Question 26

what did Jauhar et al find in terms of treating sz with CBT

Answer 26

a meta-analysis of 50 studies over the past 20 yrs
only a small therapuetic effect in symptoms, including positive symptoms
small effect dissappeared when using bind testing

Question 27

what did Zimmerman et al (2005) find in terms of CBT as a treatment of schizophrenia

Answer 27

meta-analysis of 14 studies of CBT published between 1990 and 2004 involving 1,484 patients
CBT significantly reduced positive symptoms and treatment was particularly useful in short-term acute schizophrenic episode

Question 28

what is differential association theory

Answer 28

(Sutherland 1939) proposes that offending is learnt through socialisation
• pro-criminal attitudes/behaviours occur through association and relationships with other people
(friends, family etc) from these people we learn our norms and values, even deviant ones