4.2 Endocrine post pit

Question 1

what are the two hormones secreted by posterior pituitary (aka neurohypophyseal)?

Answer 1

1) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka vasopressin

2) oxytocin

Question 2

what is another name for vasopression?

Answer 2

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 3

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka vasopressin and oxytocin are produced in? stored in? released from? released when?

Answer 3

hypothalamus in nerve cell bodies

• stored in nerve endings/terminal in post pit
• released from post pit when the nerve is activited

Question 4

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka vasopressin and oxytocin both stimulate which one increase BP?

Answer 4

smooth muscle contraction!

*ADH also increases BP

Question 5

cells of the ____ nucleus synthesis ADH

Answer 5

supraoptic

Question 6

cells of the ______ nucleus synthesize oxytocin?

Answer 6

paraventricular

Question 7

action potentials in nerve release ADH from nerve terminals into ?

Answer 7

circulatory system

Question 8

in addition to vascular smooth muscle contraction, ADH does what?

Answer 8

causes water reabsorption; controls BP and ECF Na+ concentration

Question 9

oxytocin cases contraction of?

Answer 9

uterine myometrium and mammary gland myoepithelium

Question 10

vasopressin (ADH) smooth muscle action?

Answer 10

vascular smooth muscle > vasoconstriction

kidney tubules > water reabsorption

Question 11

why reabosrption instead of absorption?

Answer 11

bc we have already absorbed the water in the intestine

Question 12

triggers of ADH secretion?

Answer 12

1) increased ECF osmolarity **espesially increased Na

2) decreased BP, BV, and dehydration (or whenever we need to reatin fluid)

Question 13

where is the thirst center for drinking water?

Answer 13

hypothalamus

Question 14

primary effect to supraoptic nuclei?

Answer 14

from Na concentration

Question 15

how much do we pee?

Answer 15

1 liter per day

Question 16

diabetes malleus vs insipidus?

Answer 16

• malleus= glucose

* insipidus= low ADH (more urine output bc not absorbing water)

Question 17

diabetes insipidus symptoms?

Answer 17

increased urinary output (20 liters per day)

Question 18

diabetes is any disease wiith?

Answer 18

polyurea, insipidus (tasteless), mellitus (sewwtened with honey)

Question 19

diabetes insipidus cases?

Answer 19

1) destruction of supraoptic nuclei
- –remember it makes ADH
2) failure of kidney to respond to ADH
- –plenty of ADH present but unresponsive target tissues

Question 20

oxytocin action?

Answer 20

1) uterin emyometrium > contraction

2) mammary gland myoepithlium > milk EJECTION

Question 21

milk is produced? ejaculated? stored?

Answer 21

• produced by prolactin
• stored in alveoli
• ejected by oxytocin

Question 22

triggers of oxytocin secretion?

Answer 22

1) uterine stretch from fetus (more stretch= more secretion)

2) mammary gland stimulation from suckling

Question 23

growth hormone is aka?

Answer 23

somatotropin

Question 24

structure of GH?

Answer 24

peptide

Question 25

general effects of GH?

Answer 25

hypertrophy and hyperplasia of tissues capable of growing

Question 26

what are the two mechanisms of GH?

Answer 26

1) direct - --does own dirty work by binding to cells itself 2) indirect - -- goes to liver for 90% of dirty work

Question 27

direct mechanism of GH

Answer 27

GH act directly on various cells/tissues of the body to 1) increase AA uptake and protein synthesis 2) increase glucose mobilization and decrease glucose utilization 3) increase fat mobilization and utilization

Question 28

indirect mechanisms of GH

Answer 28

GH stimulates the production of SOMATOMEDINS by liver or other tissues; the somatomedins act directly to promote tissue growth

Question 29

what are somatomedins?

Answer 29

a growth factor that acts directly to promote tissue grwoth; part of indirect mechanisms of GH

Question 30

GH secretion stimulated by?

Answer 30

1) hypoglycemia (low glucose or low nutritional status) 2) increased arginine and lysine in blood 3) stressors (exercise, pyrogens, phychological) 4) sleeps (begining of sleep)

Question 31

what two stimulators of GH secretion are poorly understood?

Answer 31

3) stressors (exercise, pyrogens, phychological) | 4) sleeps (begining of sleep)

Question 32

what two AA signify protein breakdown?

Answer 32

arginine and lysine

Question 33

why do we think that GH doesn't delegate growth spurts?

Answer 33

similar secretion rate during and after growth period | *gradual decline between ages 20-40

Question 34

GH deficiency is generally caused by?

Answer 34

GRH deficiency, DH deficiency, or lack or GH receptors responsiveness in tissues

Question 35

GH is more of a global problem. This means?

Answer 35

PANHYPOPITUITARISM | =deficiency of ALL pituitary hormones from a congenital or tumor

Question 36

result of GH deficiency?

Answer 36

decreased protein synthesis and growth, and preoliferation of cells

Question 37

describe symtoms of sometone with low GH?

Answer 37

* small but proportaional * average mental function * normal tooth structure, but delayed development and eruption * sexually underdeveloped (infantile genitalia of GH deficiency syndrome)

Question 38

GH in excess usually restuls from?

Answer 38

tumor WITHIN the pituitary

Question 39

GH in excess primary effects?

Answer 39

1) increased protein synthesis 2) increased fat mobilization and utilization 3) increased glucose mobilization and decreased glucose utilization

Question 40

GH in excess secondary effects?

Answer 40

1) ketosis (and acidiosis) 2) hyperglycemia 3) excessive growth

Question 41

GH in excess tertiary effects?

Answer 41

diabetogenic effect - chronic hyperlgycemia - pancreas - beta cell burnout - diabetes

Question 42

name of GH excess in children?

Answer 42

gigantism

Question 43

name of GH excess in adults?

Answer 43

acromegaly (tomur of anterior pituitary)

Question 44

gigantism

Answer 44

* GH excess in children | * oral manisfistations= progenathisms, macroglossia, early shedding/eruption of primary teeth

Question 45

acromegaly

Answer 45

* GH excess in adults * acral= terminal end * enlargement of membranous bones and soft tissues * oral manifestations: prognathisms, macroglossia, **NO effect on teeth

Question 46

macroglossia means?

Answer 46

enlargement of soft tissue

Question 47

thyroid gland location? mostly secrets?

Answer 47

two lobes at base of neck, just below larynx, warps around trachea with parathyroid galnds at back *mostly secretes hormones to regulate metabolic processes

Question 48

functional unit of thyroid is? describe?

Answer 48

follicle | *cuboidal epithelium arranged in a ring around a lumen filled with colloid

Question 49

another name for parafollicular cells?

Answer 49

clear or C cells

Question 50

location of parafollicular cells?

Answer 50

between follicles

Question 51

parafollicular cells secrete?

Answer 51

calcitonin

Question 52

follicular cells produces? how much of each

Answer 52

* T4 -90% | * T3 =10%

Question 53

most of hormone produced by thyroud is?

Answer 53

T4

Question 54

T4 or T3 more active?

Answer 54

T3 more active and potenet