Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology > 4.5 Endocrine adrenal > Flashcards

4.5 Endocrine adrenal Flashcards

(56 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

adrenal gland location?

A

basically on top of kidneys; paired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

adrenal gland structure?

A

outer cortex

inner medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 layers of adrenal cortex?

A

1) zona glomerulosa = outer layer
2) zona fasciculata = middle layer
3) zona reticularis = inner layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what two layer of cortex of overlap in function?

A

fasciculata and reticularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

zona glomerulosa secretes?

A

mineralocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

most prevalent mineralocorticoids? does what?

A

aldosterone; regulates Na and K balance and helps to regulate BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

zona fasciculata secretes?

A

glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

most prevalent glucocorticoids? does what?

A

cortisol; regulates nutrient metabolism

*basically does same things as aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

zona reticularis secretes what? does what?

A

sex steroids

  • these weak androgens are only significant when in excess
  • contribute to male secondary sex characteristic development when in excess
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ALL adrenal cortical hormones are synthesized from?

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

medula secretes?

A

epi and nor (catecholamines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

aldosterone comes from?

A

cortex zona glomerulosa outter layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cortisol comes from?

A

cortex zona fasciculata middle layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

adrenal androgens come from?

A

cortex zona reticularis inner layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the main stimulus for aldosterone secretion?

A

MOST IMPORTANT IS HIGH K+ LEVELS

**less important is low Na+ levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mineralocorticoids normal actions? (aldosterone)

A

1) re-absorption of Na+! and Cl- and water

2) regulation of BV, BP, electrolyte balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is hyperkalemia?

A

having a HIGH concentration of K+ so aldosterone is secreted!!!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when aldosteron absorbs NA+, it is exchanged for?

A

K+, H+, Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

K+ and H+ are important for?

A 
K= resting membrane potentuals
H= acidity in lood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define hyperadrenalism

A

tumor of zona glomerulosa that increase aldosterone secretion causing HYPERALDOSTERONISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is hyperaldosteronism?

A

when you put out more aldosterone than what is typical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

symptoms of major hyperaldosteronism

A

hypertension= rasingin BV and BP as a result of Na retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

symptoms of minor hyperaldosteronism

Study These Flashcards
A

1) alkalosis= secreting of H+ ioons, more basic blood
2) neuromuscular paralysis= deals with resting membrane potential
- -retain more Na+ in exachnge for K+; causes

24
Q

describe neuromuscular paralysis in regards to a minor hyperaldosteronism symptom

Study These Flashcards
A

eals with resting membrane potential
–retain more Na+ in exchange for K+; typically have more K+ inside cells anyway BUT having even lower K+ outside of cells causes an efflux of K+ back out. this makes INSIDE more -; so resting potential is HYPER-POLARIZED (further from threshold so harder to excite)

25
aldosterone in excess primary effect?
increase Na and derease K+ reabsorption
26
aldosterone in excess secondary effect
1) moderate hypertesion due to fluid retention 2) mild alkalosis (due to increase H+ excretion with Na reabsorption) 3) neuromuscular paralysis =hyperpolarised RP/hard to excite
27
aldosterone deficiency primary effect
decrease in Na reabsorption increase in K+ reabsorption * causes low BP and acidic blood, cardiac is weak, hyPERkalemia bc K+ higher than normal outside of cell making it TOO EASY to excite cell
28
aldosterone deficiency secondary effect
1) dehydration and shock (no fluid reabosrption) 2) mild acidosis (derease H+ excretion, Na resorption) 3) cardiac weakness (due to increase K+ reabsorption, hyperkalemia >hyPOpolarized RP > smaller AP spike > weaker contraction
29
glucocortioids (cortisol) normal action?
mobilization of nutrients! raised blood nutrient levels!
30
cortisol is anabolic or catabolic?
catabolid; breaks stuff down more ti increase nutrient levels
31
cortisol has what effect on gluconeogenesis in liver, lipolysis and protein catabolism?
INCREASES ALL 3! breakdown of nutrients to increase nutrient level in blood
32
stress increases ACTH levels which will affect?
cortisol levels (BOTH are stress hormones)
33
how is the way the liver uses glucose different from other tissues?
in other tissues, cortisol tries to increase blood nutrients by breaking thigsn down... in the liver it is the opposite and stores glucose as glycogen
34
we can become ___ for having to much cortisol. why?
diabetic | *because an increased in blood glucose levels- only happens if hyperglycemic for a long period of time =adrenal diabetes
35
cortisol in excess increases?
1) blood glucose levels =adrenal diabetes due to B cell burnout 2) protein catabolism 3) fat mobilization and utilization 4) RBC production leading to polycythemic condition
36
polycythemic condition
increased concentraion of hemoglobin * aka STRESS polycythemia * caused by excess cortisol
37
extremely high levels of cortisol (either endo or exo) do what?
1) suppress immune system by decreasing gamma globulin production - - GOOD with transplant surgeries 2) decreases inflammation and stabilizes lysosomes by decreasing the release of inflammatory agents
38
pharmacological doses of ______ are useful for treatment of inflammatory disease sucj as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis?
glucocorticoids
39
what is gaisbocks syndrome?
aka stress polycythemia | *INCREASE in RBC production due to higher metabolism due to stress
40
hyperadrenalism causes?
by a tumor located WITHIN one or more of the cortical layers
41
tumor of zona fasciculata (or reticularis) causes?
an increase in cortisol causing CUSHING'S disease
42
what is cushings disease? causes? symptoms? appearance?
* caused by excess cortisol * increase fat mobilization and redeposition in face and trunk * increase protein catabolism= muscles wasting via protein breakdown (SKINNY legs) * inflammatory and immune response is poor (sores and wounds) * **MOONFACE and BUFFALO HUMP
43
cortisol deficiency decreases?
1) gluconeogensis 2) fat mobilization 3) protein catabolism 4) resistance to stress * **cortical typical does all these things, but when deficient it does LESS
44
cortisol deficiency increases? does what?
ACTH secretion which INCREASES skin pigmentation! (less cortisol= less -feedback on ant pit= increase ACTH= increase skin color with melanocytes =excess melanin around scars/pressure points)
45
common disease with hypoadrenalism?
addison's disease
46
addison's disease is usually caused by ?
glandular atrophy die to autoimmune disease, TB or cancer... hypoadrenalism
47
symptoms from a decrease in both aldosterone and cortisol? addison's disease
- fluid and electrolyte imbalance = shock = LIFE THREATENING BC INSUFFICIENT CIRCULATION - decreased ability to withstand stress - not life threatening - increase in skin pigmentation (in ACTH, decr cortisol)
48
examples of androgens?
DHEA DHEAS androstenedione
49
androstenedione (weak androgens) can be converted to?
testosterone in peripheral tissues (skin, fat, liver) to INCREASE their androgenic activity
50
androgens regulated by?
ACTH, but adrenal androgens do not inhibit ACTH
51
androgens in males vs females?
* *males= amount of androgens from adrenals is insignificant compared to testes * *females= adrenal derived testosterone may be important in maintaining pubic hair, axillary hair, libido, and possible skeletal muscles
52
hyperadrenalism caused by?
tumor in zona reticularis (or fasciculata) increases adrenal androgens
53
symptoms of hyperadrenalism
1) masulinization of female | 2) early sexual development in male
54
hypoadrenalism caused by?
usually caused by hypopituitarism (decrease in ACTH) | **is RARE
55
symptoms of hyperadrenalism in males vs females
* *males = none | * *females= less body hair, less muscle mass low libido
56
libido
sexual desire

Physiology (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions