6.1 Nervous System

Question 1

Anything outside the brain and spinal cord, you are in the?

Answer 1

peripheral nervous system!

Question 2

if ANY question says “efferent or afferent” division… you KNOW you are in?

Answer 2

peripheral nervous system!

Question 3

what is motor?

Answer 3

• muscular contraction and glandular secretions
• efferent!
• never matter if it is skeletal, cardiac or smooth muscle OR endocrine or exocrine secretions

Question 4

what part of NS are you in if you hear somatic or autonomic?

Answer 4

Efferent PNS!

Question 5

common for people with spinal injuries to also have issues?

Answer 5

with blood pressure and GI

Question 6

lower brain (sub-cortical) levels are primarily?
what is the exception?

Answer 6

unconscious

*one exception= thalamus bc it gives us crude sensory perception (especially for pain)

Question 7

what is the only sensation that doesn’t synapse on the thalamus (most of the time)?

Answer 7

smell

Question 8

how much information that is going to the thalamus is being activity filtered out?

Answer 8

98-99%

Question 9

1) What does oxytocin do?
2) Has major affect on?
3) may be used for?
(think about experiment showing people horrible scenes!)

Answer 9

1) *helps you get along, relax and TRUST more
* people reacted a lot LESS acutely when a dose of oxytocin while watching horrible things
2) **major effect on amygdala; makes them relaxed/happy
3) anxiety disorders and some types of autism

Question 10

Hippocampus is extremely important for?

Answer 10

1) learning and short term memory
2) stores and replays new events to categorize them for transfer to long-term memory
3) important for sleep and exercise

Question 11

when and where does consolidation of what happens during the day happen?

Answer 11

in the hippocampus during slow-wave SLEEP

Question 12

all pain activates?

Answer 12

reticular formation WAKEFULNESS center

Question 13

Broca’s area

Answer 13

production of speech

*frontal lobe

Question 14

Wernicke’s area

Answer 14

comprehension of speech

*temportal lobe

Question 15

Broca’s aphasia vs Wernicke’s aphasia?

Answer 15

Broca= difficult articulation; know what they want to say but can’t

Wernicke= fluent word salad; vision/hearing ok but cannot comprehend

Question 16

aphasia is?

Answer 16

defect in language

Question 17

what happens if you put an electrical-magnetic cap on in concerns to memory?

Answer 17

you inhibit an inhibitory mechanism in the brain and can do AMAZING THINGS and recall information

Question 18

another term for pain receptor?

Answer 18

nociceptor

Question 19

what are the 5 basic sensory receptor types?

Answer 19

1) mechanical
2) thermoreceptor
3) pain receptor
4) photoreceptor
5) chemoreceptor

Question 20

where are sensory receptors found?

Answer 20

1) on free nerve ending

2) very specialized sensory receptor cells

Question 21

do sensory receptor cells have action potentials?

Answer 21

NO

they have graded potentials

Question 22

Law of specific nerve energies

Answer 22

nerve receptors are sensitive to ONE thing

Question 23

Labeled Line principle

Answer 23

specific receptors are linked to specific neurons which travel up specific nerve tracts to specific brain regions

Question 24

Do local anesthetics inhibit nociceptors?

Answer 24

NO!

They simply create a roadblock

Question 25

Do local anesthetics inhibit AP in distal portions between nociceptors and injection sites??

Answer 25

NO! | *They simply create a roadblock

Question 26

does afferent convergence occur with sensory innervation pathway of teh oral cavity?

Answer 26

YES

Question 27

does referred pain occur in the oral cavity?

Answer 27

YES

Question 28

pain endorphin is an example of what?

Answer 28

endogenous opioid molecule

Question 29

alternative names for corticospinal and extrapyramidal tracts

Answer 29

corticospinal= pyramidal extrapyramidal= brainstem

Question 30

cerebellar loss or injury leads to?

Answer 30

incoordination (loss of timing) and decreased speed of movement; overshoot and intention tremor

Question 31

what is another name for basal ganglia?

Answer 31

basal nuclei

Question 32

Parkinson's tremor is associated with what part of brain and loss of?

Answer 32

Substantia nigra | *loss of dopamine secreting neurons

Question 33

what does basal nuclei do?

Answer 33

control of smooth, timed voluntary movement | *recieves info from cortex and sends output back to cortex VIA thalamus

Question 34

relaxtion tremor | Turn into?

Answer 34

when a person is not doing anything and their hands shake but it stops when they go to make a movement * *EARLY basal nuclei problem * **TURNS INTO RIGIDITY= end stage of tremor, when both sides of joint contract at same time

Question 35

intention tremor relaxation tremor essential tremor

Answer 35

``` I= when voluntary moving R= relaxed E= don't know why ```

Question 36

static vs dynamic stretch

Answer 36

static= sense of magnitude of stretch dynamic= sense of rate of stretch

Question 37

gamma vs alpha fibers in muscle

Answer 37

``` gamma= stretch alpha= tension ```

Question 38

what is the biggest and faster nerve fiber our bodies have? used when? why is this important?

Answer 38

A-alpha nerve fiber * *used in muscle-stretch reflex * *important bc we want the info and action to travel fast through intrafusal fibers in order to PROTECT body

Question 39

when do we use the stretch reflex?

Answer 39

all the time, all day * more so in sports or active activities * for protection and more powerful movements

Question 40

what is an example of a monosynaptic reflex?

Answer 40

stretch reflex

Question 41

what reflex is found in tendons?

Answer 41

golgi tendon apparatus and reflex

Question 42

Give an example of a polysynaptic reflex?

Answer 42

golgi tendon apparatus and reflex

Question 43

golgi tendon apparatus and reflex gives a person MASSIVE

Answer 43

power and strength * over-ride protective mechanism * girls life tractor story

Question 44

what extends or flexes in crossed extension reflex?

Answer 44

flex= ipsilateral side that is affected extend= contralateral "push off"

Question 45

muscle spindles in jaw openers or closers?

Answer 45

OPENERS! | *so you ONLY get muscle stretch reflexes in jaw closing

Question 46

what are your patients fighting when you tell them to open wide?

Answer 46

1) activation of stretch reflex in closing muscles - -closing stretched > stretch reflex > closing mms contract 2) activation of golgi tendon reflex in opening muscles - -opening mms tension > GT reflex of opening > closing of mouth muscles

Question 47

how do you get taste? flavor?

Answer 47

* combo of chemicals= taste | * combo of tastes= flavor

Question 48

define dysgusia

Answer 48

dysfunction of taste

Question 49

Local anesthetics block

Answer 49

voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question 50

describe dentin and nocireceptors relation with temperature change

Answer 50

* dentin is temp responsive | * nocireceptors are NOT directly sensitive to temperature change but are RESPONSIVE TO PRESSURE

Question 51

Local anesthetics inhibit unimodal and/or polymodal nociceptors?

Answer 51

NEITHER unimodal nor polymodal

Question 52

define hyperalgesia

Answer 52

typical pain responses are magnified *Ex: needle in back of hand hurts, but REALLY hurts with this *may be due to close proximity of normal pain neurons, that when NT is released it causes synapse

Question 53

define allodynia

Answer 53

typical non-painful stimuli generate pain responses *Ex: feather on back of hand should not hurt but it does! *may be due to close proximity of normal pain neurons, that when NT is released it causes synapse