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AAClinical school conditions > Pharmacology - renal and cardiac > Flashcards

Pharmacology - renal and cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Types of diuretics

A

Loop diuretics
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics
Potassium sparing diuretics
Osmotic.

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2
Q

Loop diuretics - examples

A

Furosemide, bumetanide.

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3
Q

Loop diuretics - mechanism

A

Inhibit the Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter. Excretion of 15-20% of filtered Na+.

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4
Q

Other effects of loop diuretics

A

venodilatory

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5
Q

Counterindications for loop diuretics

A

renal impairment,

cardiac glycosides, aminoglycosides.

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6
Q

Thiazide diuretic example

A

Bendroflumethiazide.

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7
Q

Mechanism of thiazide diuretics.

A

Inhibit Na+/Cl- co-transporter resulting in the excretion of 5-10% of the filtered Na+.

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8
Q

Indications for thiazide diuretics

A

Hypertension, with loop diuretic for profound oedema secondary to chronic heart failure.

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9
Q

Potassium sparing diuretics - types

A

Sodium channel blockers

Aldosterone antagonists.

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10
Q

Sodium channel blockers - examples. (Potassium sparing diuretics).

A

Amiloride, triampterene.

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11
Q

Aldosterone antagonists - example. (Potassium sparing diuretics).

A

Spironolactone

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12
Q

Contraindications for aldosterone antagonists

A

Being on ACEIs.

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13
Q

Treatment of urinary retention

A

a-blockers e.g. Doxazosin to relax smooth muscle at the urethra.
Parasympathomimetics to increase detrusor contraction.
Anti-androgens for benign prostatic hyperplasia.

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14
Q

Treatment of urinary incontinence

A

Antimuscarinics.

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15
Q

Aims of treatment of heart failure

A

Relieve symptoms, improve exercise tolerance, reduce exacerbations, reduce mortality.

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16
Q

Basic treatment for heart failure.

A 
ACE inhibitor (or angiotensin II receptor antagonis if poorly tolerated).
B-blocker e.g. bisoprolol, carvedilol.
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17
Q

Heart failure treatment after ACEI and B-blockers, if still symptomatic.

A

Aldosterone antagonist e.g. spironolactone

Digoxin improves symptoms and exercise tolerance but not mortality.

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18
Q

Heart failure treatment if after basic treatment, still has fluid overload

A

Thiazide diuretic if good renal function

Loop diuretic if renal impairment.

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19
Q

Treatments for high blood pressure

A

ACE Inhibitors
Ca++ channel blockers
Diuretics

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20
Q

Treatments for anyone over 55 with high blood pressure

A

Ca++ channel blocker - amlodipine

Diuretic - indapemide

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21
Q

Treatments for anyone under 55 or of African origin with high blood pressure.

A

An ACE inhibitor

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22
Q

IF ACD treatment for high blood pressure fails then use…

A

an alpha blocker e.g. doxazosin

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23
Q

How to treat brady-dysrhythmias.

A 
Stop rate controlling drugs
Check TSH and electolytes
Atropine
Temporary pacing 
Permanent pacing.
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24
Q

Management of supraventricula tachycardias.

A 
Treat symptoms
Carotid sinus massage
Adenosine
Verapamil
DCC
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25
Q

Action of adenosine

A

Purine nucleotide slowing AV nodal conduction.

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26
Q

Action of verapamil

A

Calcium channel blocker prolonging conduction and refractoriness in AV node

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27
Q

Digoxin is used for which arrhythmia

A

atrial fibrillation or flutter.

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28
Q

Flecanide action

A

Blocks Na+ channels, slows conduction in cardiac channels.

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29
Q

Management of ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia

A

DCCV
Amiodarone
K+ and Mg++
Lidocaine.

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30
Q

Management of angina

A 
ASA
Lipid lowering agent 
Nitrates
B-blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Potassium channel activators
Funny current channel inhibitors.
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31
Q

Action of nitrates

A

Reduce preload by venodilation, dilates coronaries, reduces afterload by systemic vasodilatation.

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32
Q

What do nitrates interact with?

A

PDE5 inhibitors LETHALLY by causing profound hypotension.

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33
Q

Role of B-blockers in angina

A

Reduce HR and contractility leading to less cardiac demand for O2.

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34
Q

What diseases do B-blockers worsen?

A

Heart blocks
Acute cardiac failure
COPD and asthma
Peripheral vascular disease.

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35
Q

Calcium channel blockers used in angina

A

Di-hydropyridines and non-dihydropyridines.

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36
Q

Di-hydropyridines action and examples

A

Nifedipine, amlodipine.

Reduce afterload by arteriolar dilatation. Dilate coronaries.

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37
Q

Non-dihydropyridines

A

Diltiazem, verapamil.

Reduce afterload and have negative chronotropic effect due to affect on action on SA and AV nodes.

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38
Q

Potassium channel activators

A

Vasodilatory. Nicorandil.

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39
Q

Action of aspirin

A

COX inhibitor

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40
Q

Action and examples of thienopyridines

A

Thienopyriines include clopidogrel and ticlopidine. Irreversibly inhibit ADP binding in platelet activation.

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41
Q

Examples of glycoprotein 2b3a antagonists

A

abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban.

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42
Q

Action of glycoprotein 2b3a antagonists

A

Potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation.

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43
Q

Heart failure treatment

A 
(Diuretics for symptomatic relief)
ACEI
B-blocker
Spironolactone
(isosorbide dinitrate with hydralazine, digoxin)
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44
Q

Treatment of unstable angina/NSTEMI: MONA BTC

A

Morphine
Oxygen
Nitrates
Aspirin

B-blockers
Thrombolysis
Clopidogrel

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45
Q

Thrombolytic drug used in ACS

A

glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors such as eptifibatide, tirofiban.

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46
Q

Treatment for STEMI: MOC thought nitrates assuages (the) burning.

A 
Morphine
Oxygen
Clopidogrel
Thrombolysis
ACEI
B-blockers.
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47
Q

What antibiotic should you absolutely not give with methotrexate?

A

Trimethoprim

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48
Q

Which antibiotic has 10% allergy crossover with paracetamol

A

Cephalosporins

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49
Q

How would you give someone furosemide for heart failure?

A

Starting dose: 40 mg OD, sometimes BD, not in evening. First few doses often given IV to have quicker effect.

50
Q

What is ramipril?

A

An ACEI

51
Q

Why is ramipril used in heart failure?

A

Because it reduces hospitalisation, slows disease progression and improves mortality of patients with heart failure.

52
Q

How do you give ramipril to someone with heart failure?

A

Starting dose: 1.25 mg OD at night due to first dose hypotension. Titrate up; maximum dose is 5 mg BD.

53
Q

What increases the risk of first dose hypertension with ramipril?

A

If the patient is elderly, taking a diuretic, or volume depleted.

54
Q

When can you start B-blockers in a heart failure patient?

A

TAKE CARE
If they are already taking an ACEI and diuretic, in a patient with a stable, controlled heart rate and at a low dose e.g. 1.25 mg bisoprolol. Gradually titrate up,
DO NOT START IN PULMONARY EDEMA.

55
Q

What do you cover patients with when starting them on warfarin for a mechanical heart valve?

A

LMW heparin

56
Q

For rapid anticoagulation, what should the starting dose of warfarin be?

A

5-10 mg then adjust according to INR, covered by LMW heparin until INR in correct threshold.

57
Q

Why would a patient require a lower loading dose of warfarin?

A

If they have a prolonged prothrombin time, abnormal liver function, cardiac failure.
Also if they are on parenteral feeding, are elderly, are on potent anti-coagulants already or if they have a low body weight.

58
Q

List some side effects of thiazide diuretics.

A

postural hypotension,
hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypercalcaemia.
Gout
Impaired glucose tolerance

59
Q

List some side effects of Ca++ channel blockers

A

Abdo pain, nausea, flushing, oedema non-responsive to diuretic therapy, headache.

60
Q

Drugs that predispose patients to pre-renal acute renal impairment.

A

Anti-hypertensives, diuretics, ACEI, ARBs, NSAIDs.

61
Q

Drugs that predispose patients to intrarenal acute renal impairment.

A 
Aminoglycoside antimicrobials
Glycopeptide antimicrobials
NSAIDs
Contrast media
Methotrexate
Chemotherapy
62
Q

Drugs that predispose patients to post-renal acute renal impairment.

A

Anticholinergics.

63
Q 
Which of the following drugs are safe to give with acute kidney injury?
Atorvastatin
Diclofenac
Furosemide
Paracetamol
Perindopril
Metformin
Tazocin
A

ATORVASTATIN
Use cautiously in renal impairment as theoretically increased risk of rhabdomyelosis but rare with atorvastatin
PARACETAMOL
Already metabolised by the time it is renally excreted so no issues with renal impairment.

64
Q 
Which of the following drugs are safe to give at a reduced dose with acute kidney injury?
Atorvastatin
Diclofenac
Furosemide
Paracetamol
Perindopril
Metformin
Tazocin
A

TAZOCIN
Given at a reduced frequency of BD when GFR
falls below 20 ml/min

65
Q 
Which of the following drugs are unsafe to give at a reduced dose with acute kidney injury?
Atorvastatin
Diclofenac
Furosemide
Paracetamol
Perindopril
Metformin
Tazocin
A

METFORMIN
Renally cleared. Accumulation increases risk of lactic acidosis
PERINDOPRIL
Reduces filtration pressure at glomerulus by dilating the efferent arteriole
FUROSEMIDE
Worsen renal function by reducing circulating blood volume
DICLOFENAC

66
Q

If someone has diabetes with renal impairment, what should you be aware of?

A

The kidney is important in glucose homeostasis: in a prolonged fast it can provide up to 45% of endogenous glucose, and it metabolises 30-40% of insulin.
Insulin doses need to be adjusted in renal impairment.

67
Q

How does uraemia affect protein binding?

A

It decreases it, meaning there is more free drug in the plasma.

68
Q

Indications for loop diuretics.

A

Heart failure (acute or chronic)
Pulmonary oedema
Hypertension

69
Q

Cautions with loop diuretics

A

Electrolyte imbalance
Volume depletion
Tiinitus and ototoxicity

70
Q

What is the MAJOR risk in giving potassium sparing diuretics like amiloride or spironolactone?

A

Increased risk of hyperkalaemia.

71
Q

How do NSAIDs cause AKI?

A

Disrupts regulation of renal blood flow and can cause acute tubulointerstitial nephritis.

72
Q

What are the main problems with gentamicin and amikacin?

A

They are nephrotoxic, ototoxic and have a narrow therapeutic range.

73
Q

How to treat sinus bradycardia

A

0.6-1.2 atropine IV

Temporary pacing

74
Q

How to treat 1st degree heart block

A

Stop Ca++ channel blockers and B-blockers.

Pace if Mobitz type II or III

75
Q

How to treat sinus tachycardia

A

Correct low K+, hypoxia or acidosis.

Give O2 and analgesia if necessary.

76
Q

How to treat acute AF or flutter

A

DC cardioversion if necessary (preferred over amiodarone or flecainamide)
Otherwise, control with digoxin +/- B blocker
Amiodarone if intermittent.

77
Q

Post MI, when should you consider an implantable cardiac defibrillator?

A

If there is VT and ejection fraction is less than 35%.

78
Q

Treatment for pericarditis post MI

A

NSAIDs.

Consider colchicine before immunosuppressants if relapse or continuing symptoms.

79
Q

Treatment for Dressler’s syndrome

A

NSAIDs

80
Q

Why would you give adenosine for a narrow complex tachy-arrhythmia?

A

Because it transiently slows the ventricular rhythm to show the underlying atrial rhythm, and because it can cardiovert a junctional tachycardia to sinus rhythm

81
Q

Treatment for stable VT

A 
High flow O2
IV access and bloods
12 lead ECG
ABG
Amiodarone (central line)
Implantation of automatic defibrillators
82
Q

Treatment for torsades de pointes

A

Magnesium sulphate

83
Q

How to treat chronic AF

A

Rate control: B-blocker or Ca++ channel blocker. If this fails add digoxin or amiodarone.
Anticoagulation: warfarin (target INR 2-3).

84
Q

Do not give B-blockers in conjunction with …

A

Verapamil or diltiazem as bradycardia risk (unless advised to by expert) in arrhythmia.

85
Q

What can block AV node long enough to uncover atrial pathology?

A

Carotid sinus massage or adenosine.

86
Q

|ndications for temporary pacing

A

Symptomatic bradycardia if resistant to atropine.
After anterior MI if Mobitz type I or II, complete AV block.
After inferior MI only if AV block unstable.
Suppression of drug resistant tachyarrhythmias

87
Q

Indications for permanent pacing

A

Complete AV block, or persistent AV block after anterior MI.
Mobitz type II.
Symptomatic bradycardias, or drug resistant tachyarrhythmias
Heart failure post MI.

88
Q

Pharmacological management of heart failure

A

Diuretics (loop, add K+ sparing if indicated)
ACEI
B-blockers (start low and go slow. Start carvedilol at 3.125 mg/12 h)
Spironolactone
Digoxin

89
Q

When does BNP rule out/diagnose heart failure?

A

If BNP is less than 50 ng/l then rules out

If BNP is more than 100 ng/l then very likely

90
Q

Hypertension monotherapy if older than 55 yrs

A

Ca++ channel blockers

91
Q

Hypertension monotherapy if black

A

Ca++ channel blockers

92
Q

Hypertension monotherapy if under 55 and white

A

ACEI

93
Q

Combination therapy for hypertension

A

ACEI, Ca++ channel blocker and thiazide

94
Q

When would ACEI be first choice for hypertension?

A

If co-existing LVF, diabetes or proteinuria.

95
Q

Aim of treatment in malignant hypertension

A

Controlled drop over days, not hours.

96
Q

Treatment of malignant hypertension with encephalopathy.

A

IV furosemide and labetalol/sodium nitroprusside to reduce BP to 110 mmHg diastolic in 4 hours.

97
Q

Treatment for rheumatic fever

A

Abx: penecillin (if allergic erythromycin)
Analgesia for carditis/arthritis
Haloperidol for chorea.

98
Q

Treatment for sarcoidosis

A

Acute: bed rest and NSAIDs.

Indications for steroids include parenchymal lung disease, uveitis, hypercalcaemia and neuro/cardiac involvement.

99
Q

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis treatment

A

Remove allergen and give O2 then oral prednisolone followed by reducing dose.

100
Q

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treatment

A

Oxygen, pulmonary rehab, opiates and palliative. No high dose steroids unless diagnosis in doubt.
Lung transplantation.

101
Q

Treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea

A

Weight management, avoidance of tobacco and alcohol.
CPAP for those with moderate or severe disease.
Potentially surgery to relieve pharyngeal obstruction.

102
Q

Treatment for BPH

A

alpha-1 antagonists (first line tamsulosin, alfuzosin), 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors.
Surgery

103
Q

Side effects of alpha-1 antagonists in BPH

A

dizziness, postural hypotension, dry mouth, depression

104
Q

5 alpha-reductase inhibitors; examples and mechanism of action in BPH

A

Finasteride
Block the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is known to induce BPH
Unlike alpha-1 antagonists causes a reduction in prostate volume and hence may slow disease progression. This however takes time and symptoms may not improve for 6 months. They may also decrease PSA concentrations by up to 50%

105
Q

5 alpha-reductase inhibitors; side effects

A

erectile dysfunction, reduced libido, ejaculation problems, gynaecomastia

106
Q

Which patients with ischaemic heart disease should take aspirin?

A

All of them

107
Q

What drugs are contraindications for viagra?

A

Nitrates and nicorandil

108
Q

Agents which are effective at cardioverting AF

A 
amiodarone
flecainide (if no structural heart disease)
109
Q

Agents used to control rate in AF

A

beta-blockers
calcium channel blockers
digoxin

110
Q

Agents used to maintain sinus rhythm with history of AF

A

sotalol
amiodarone
flecainide

111
Q

Factors favouring rate control in AF

A

Older than 65 years

History of ischaemic heart disease

112
Q

Factors favouring

A 
Younger than 65 years
Symptomatic
First presentation
Lone AF or AF secondary to a corrected precipitant (e.g. Alcohol)
Congestive heart failure
113
Q

Side effects of ACEI

A
  • Cough

* Hyperkalaemia

114
Q

Side effects of B-blockers

A
  • Bronchospasm (especially in asthmatics)
  • Fatigue
  • Cold peripheries
115
Q

Side effects of doxazosin

A

• Postural hypotension

116
Q

Drugs to avoid in renal failure

A

antibiotics: tetracycline, nitrofurantoin
NSAIDs
lithium
metformin

117
Q

Drugs that may build up in renal failure

A 
most antibiotics including penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, gentamicin, streptomycin
digoxin, atenolol
methotrexate
sulphonylureas
furosemide
opioids
118
Q

Drugs that are relatively safe in renal failure

A

antibiotics: erythromycin, rifampicin
diazepam
warfarin

119
Q

What is streptococcus bovis associated with?

A

Endocarditis and colorectal cancer

120
Q

Acute treatment for supraventricular tachycardia

A

vagal manoeuvres: e.g. Valsalva manoeuvre
intravenous adenosine 6mg → 12mg → 12mg: contraindicated in asthmatics - verapamil is a preferable option
electrical cardioversion

121
Q

Prevention of supraventricular tachycardia

A

beta-blockers

radio-frequency ablation

122
Q

What medications prevent oxalate stones?

A

cholestyramine reduces urinary oxalate secretion

pyridoxine reduces urinary oxalate secretion

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