Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AAClinical school conditions > Blood conditions > Flashcards

Blood conditions Flashcards

1
Q

How do you categorise anaemia

A

By mean cell volume and by mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the different types of anaemia?

A

Microcytic
Normocytic
Macrocytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name causes of microcytic anaemia

A

IRON DEFICIENCY
Thalassaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease
Sideroblastic anaemia (hypochromic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name causes of normocytic anaemia

A 
Acute bleeds
Haemolyitic
Anaemia of chronic disease
Myelophythisic
Aplastic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is myelophthisic anaemia?

A

Anaemia caused by bone marrow being displaced by due to cancer, osteosclerosis or TB.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is aplastic anaemia?

A

Where bone marrow dies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of macrocytic anaemia.

A

B12 and folate deficiency leads to megaloblastic anaemia

Sometimes haemolysis can look megaloblastic due to the reticulocytes present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is pancytopenia?

A

Decreased RBCs, WBCs and platelets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Basic clinical features of anaemia

A

Tiredness and shortness of breath.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Causes of just splenomegaly with anaemia

A

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, cancer and hereditary spherocytosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of hepatosplenomegaly with anaemia

A

Malaria and thalassaemia (due to extramedullary haematopoeisis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of jaundice with anaemia

A

Pre-hepatic: haemolytic anaemia and B12 deficiency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is B12 absorbed?

A

It binds intrinsic factor in the stomach and is absorbed in the terminal ileum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of B12 deficiency

A

Coeliac disease, IBD and resection.
Gastrectomy.
Autoimmune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which anaemias give you haemoglobinuria?

A

The ones involving intravascular haemolysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which anaemia will give a high unconjugated LFT and a low haptoglobin?

A

Hemolytic anaemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What investigations would you do for anaemia?

A

RBC, LFTs and blood film,
Iron, folate, B12, and ferritin.
Direct Coombs test.
Bone marrow biopsy or endoscopy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the blood results from an acute bleed?

A

Increased urea, but less increased creatinine so the urea:creatinine ratio increases.
Also from eating meat and pre-renal failure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a FAST scan?

A

A US scan of the following regions: perisplenic, perihepatic, pelvis and pericardiac.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List causes of haemolytic anaemias.

A

Malaria, autoimmune haemolytic anaemias, mechanical heart valve, spherocytosis, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Causes of intravascular haemolysis

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
Mech. heart valve
DIC, TTP, HUS, microangiopathic haemolysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Types of autoimmune haemolytic anaemias

A

Warm and cold.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the aetiology of warm haemolytic anaemia?

A

IgG and IgA bind RBCs at 37 degress leading to complement and phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the aetiology of cold haemolytic anaemia?

A

IgM binds in the peripheries at 30 degrees, but doesn’t bind well centrally. When it binds in the peripheries, complement binds, but doesn’t form MAC, leading to opsonisation and uptake in the spleen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is hereditary spherocytosis

A

An inherited disorder in which mutation in the cytoskeleton leads to spherical RBCs and splenic haemolysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Types of haemoglobinopathy

A

Sickle cell anaemia

Thalassaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens in sickle cell anaemia?

A

RBCs sickle reversibly at low O2 due to polymerisation of Hb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Complications of sickling in sickle cell anaemia.

A

Anaemia
Occlusion esp acute chest syndrome when pulmonary vessels occlude.
Increased osteomyelitis as a result of salmonella infections.
Increased gram +ive infections due to autosplenectomy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Causes of anaemia due to decreased erythropoeisis

A

Myelophthisic, aplastic, megaloblastic.
Chronic disease
Iron def.
Kidney disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Chronic diseases leading to anaemia

A

Ca, TB, autoimmune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Signs of B12 def neuropathy

A

UMN, LM, sensory and dementia symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Ways in which people lose fluid

A

Diarrhoea and vomiting, fevers, bleeding, drains, fistulas, stomata, 3rd space losses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Reasons for hypervolaemia.

A

Kidney failure, iatrogenic, due to abnormal distribution as a result of change in oncotic pressure, polydipsia e.g. schizophrenics.

34
Q

Causes of hypokalaemia

A

GI disease e.g. vomiting.

35
Q

What should you do before prescribing fluids?

A

Check fluid balance chart, notes (risk of heart/kidney failure), U&Es
Assess pt - cap refill, pulse, BP, JVP, heart sounds.

36
Q

Which fluid is equivalent to giving water but without the haemolysis?

A

5% glucose

37
Q

What are colloid fluids?

A

Fluids such as blood, gelafusion and dextrans that are meant to stay intravascular.
But careful - some people have a reaction.

38
Q

List 3 crystalloid fluids.

A

5% glucose
0.9% NaCl
Hartmann’s

39
Q

In anemia of chronic disease, which blood test is usually elevated?

A

ESR

40
Q

What is the likely cause of a microcytic anemia with increased RDW?

A

Iron def

41
Q

What is likely to be the cause of microcytosis with a moderate anemia in a North African?

A

Thalassaemia

42
Q

How is HBA2 affected in thalassaemia?

A

It is raised to above 3.4%

43
Q

What is the likely cause of a patient presenting with a severe macrocytic anemia with moderate neutropenia and some thrombocytopenia?

A

Pernicious anemia. Differentials can be myelodysplasia, leukaemia and aplastic anaemia.

44
Q

What anaemia can methotrexate cause?

A

Folate deficiency anaemia - can’t be corrected with folate. Use folinic acid.

45
Q

Causes of folate deficiency.

A 
Malabsorption
Diet
Excess EtOH
Methotrexate
Myelofibrosis
Haemolysis
46
Q

In B12 and folate deficiency, which should you always give first?

A

B12 - never give folate alone.

47
Q

Causes of spherocytes on a blood film.

A

AI haemolytic anaemia, hereditary spherocytosis.

48
Q

Causes of red cell fragments on a blood film

A

Mechanical, or disseminated malignancy

49
Q

Causes of bitten out red cells on a blood film.

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, unstable Hb or oxidative drug therapy.

50
Q

What is the DAT test?

A

Direct anti-globulin test for autoimmune haemolytic anaemia.

51
Q

What is the treatment for autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?

A

Corticosteroids.

52
Q

What is the cause of urinary haemosiderin?

A

Chronic intravascular haemolysis.

53
Q

Which major haemolytic diseases cause hyposplenism

A

Sickle cell disease and thalassaemia.

54
Q

What do you give for a sickle crisis?

A

O2, analgesia.

For acute chest syndrome, give exchange blood transfusion and Abx as well.

55
Q

What are the causes of polycythaemia?

A

It can be primary, secondary to hypoxia or to increased EPO (cerebellar, uterine, renal causes).

56
Q

What is the cause of dark urine in G6PD def?

A

Haemoglobinuria and increased urobilinogen. Not bilirubin as the jaundice is pre-hepatic.

57
Q

Major causes of coagulopathy

A

Liver disease
Kidney disease
Inherited coagulopathy
DIC

58
Q

Common causes of splenomegaly in the UK

A

Leukaemia, lymphomas, glandular fever, haemolytic disorders and portal hypertension.

59
Q

Classes of causes of splenomegaly

A

Haematological
Infections
Portal hypertension
Immunological (Rh, SLE)

60
Q

What electrolyte can be deranged in blood tranfusions?

A

Potassium - causes hyperkalaemia.

61
Q

How long do you have to give iron to someone to renew their iron stores after iron deficiency?

A

4-6 months

62
Q

What is noticeable about the bone marrow in sideroblastic anaemia?

A

There are ringed sideroblasts there.

63
Q

How do you treat sideroblastic anaemia?

A

With Vit B6

64
Q

How does B12 and folate deficiency cause megaloblastic anaemia?

A

By impairing DNA synthesis. This leads to formation of megaloblasts (hence macrocytic) which are mostly removed by macrophages (hence anaemic).

65
Q

Formation of haemoglobin - and how microcytic anaemias disrupt it.

A

Iron and protophyrin rings combine to form haem. This is disrupted by iron def., by lead poisoning, and by chronic disease.
Amino acids combine to form globin chains, which are disrupted in thalassaemias and lead poisoning.
Haem and globins combine to form haemoglobin.

66
Q

How long does B12 deficiency anaemia take to develop?

A

About 2 years.

67
Q

How long does folate deficiency take to develop?

A

A few months.

68
Q

Which haemolytic anaemias are due to hereditary defects in RBCs?

A 
Spherocytosis (cytoskeleton defects)
G6PD def (enzyme defect)
Sickle cell anaemia.
69
Q

Which haemolytic anaemias are due to acquired defects in RBCs?

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (a lack of GPI anchored proteins leads to increased complement action).

70
Q

Which haemolytic anaemias are due to autoimmune mediated RBC destruction?

A

Warm AI anaemia
Cold
Paroxysmal cold

71
Q

How does thalassaemia lead to anaemia

A

Increased production of the healthy chain leads to agglutination in the cell, and the cell is phagocytosed.

72
Q

What are the signs of hypercalcaemia?

A

Stones (renal)
Bones (bone pain)
Groans (abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting)
Thrones (polyuria)
Psychiatric overtones (confusion and cognitive dysfunction, depression, anxiety, insomnia, coma)

73
Q

Which vitamin def causes anaemia, irritability, seizures

A

B6

74
Q

What is the most common inherited bleeding disorder?

A

Von-Willebrand’s disease (autosomal dominant)

75
Q

Features of primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

cholestasis: jaundice and pruritus
right upper quadrant pain
fatigue

76
Q

Hereditary haemochromatosis - basics

A

Autosomal recessive disorder of iron absorption and metabolism resulting in iron accumulation. It is caused by inheritance of mutations in the HFE gene on both copies of chromosome 6*. It is often asymptomatic in early disease and initial symptoms often non-specific e.g. lethargy and arthralgia

77
Q

Types of crisis in sickle cell anaemia

A

thrombotic, ‘painful crises’
sequestration
aplastic
haemolytic

78
Q

What is a thrombotic crisis in sickle cell anaemia?

A

Also known as painful crises or vaso-occlusive crises
precipitated by infection, dehydration, deoxygenation
infarcts occur in various organs including the bones (e.g. avascular necrosis of hip, hand-foot syndrome in children, lungs, spleen and brain

79
Q

What is a sequestration crisis in sickle cell anaemia?

A

Sickling within organs such as the spleen or lungs causes pooling of blood with worsening of the anaemia.
Acute chest syndrome: dyspnoea, chest pain, pulmonary infiltrates, low pO2 - the most common cause of death after childhood

80
Q

What is an aplastic crisis in sickle cell anaemia?

A

caused by infection with parvovirus

sudden fall in haemoglobin (without concomitant rise in reticulocytes)

81
Q

What is a haemolytic crisis in sickle cell anaemia

A

rare

fall in haemoglobin due an increased rate of haemolysis

AAClinical school conditions (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions