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10 science-- biology > cancer and cell cycle > Flashcards

cancer and cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

name the 3 main checkpoints

A

G1 => S
G2 => Mitosis
Metaphase => Anaphase

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2
Q

G1 => S

A

is the cell big enough?

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3
Q

G2 => Mitosis

A

is DNA replicated?

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4
Q

Metaphase => Anaphase

A

are chromosomes aligned?

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5
Q

at each checkpoint, ______ acts as “stop signs”

A

specialized proteins

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6
Q

name 4 reasons cell division will not occur

A

cells of that type are not required
not enough nutrients for cell growth
DNA has not replicated
DNA is damaged

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7
Q

cell division is needed to replace _______ and _______ cells

A

damaged / worn out

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8
Q

when cells leave at the first checkpoint, what cycle do they enter?

A

non dividing stage

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9
Q

how many cells die in the human body per minute?

A

3 billion

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10
Q

what are 2 types of cell death?

A

apoptosis

necrosis

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11
Q

why do cells leave the cell cycle?

A

it’s time to die

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12
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

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13
Q

what kills the cell (apoptosis)?

A

“suicide genes”

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14
Q

cells can only divide a certain number of times until they _________

A

receive instructions to die

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15
Q

what is a major purpose of apoptosis?

A

to remove cells that have lost their ability to function correctly

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16
Q

what is necrosis?

A

cell death due to unexpected and accidental cell damage

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17
Q

what are some reasons cells might be damaged beyond repair?

A 
toxic chemicals (radiation, toxins)
physical events (trauma, lack of oxygen due to blocked blood flow)
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18
Q

what happens when a cell ignores the “stop signs”?

A

they don’t leave the cell cycle to die, but continue to grow and divide repeatedly and excessively to create a lump of abnormal cells

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19
Q

what is the lump of abnormal cells called?

A

a tumour

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20
Q

what happens when a tumour is further mutated?

A

it can become cancerous

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21
Q

what is cancer?

A

a group of diseases in which cells with abnormal DNA are growing and dividing uncontrollably and can spread to other body parts

22
Q

how can cancer change DNA?

A

exposure to carcinogens

inherited genes

23
Q

what is a carcinogen?

A

agents that can cause DNA mutation

24
Q

name 3 carcinogens and examples

A

viruses (HPV, Hepatitis B)
radiation (UV rays, X rays)
chemicals (tobacco smoke)

25
Q

what is a tumour?

A

an abnormal group of cells that reduces the normal functions of other body tissues by “invading” it

26
Q

what is a benign tumour?

A

a non cancerous tumour – does not spread to other tissue

27
Q

what is a malignant tumour?

A

a cancerous tumour – can break away from original tumour to a different body part

28
Q

which type of tumour can grow large and crowds nearby cells and affect normal functions?

A

benign

29
Q

which tumour interferes with functions of nearby cells and may destroy other tissue?

A

malignant

30
Q

what is metastasis?

A

cancer cells can break away from the original tumour and move to a different part of the body

31
Q

what happens if cancer cells settle in another part of the body?

A

they will continue to grow and divide uncontrollably and can start a new tumour

32
Q

name 5 major types of cancer

A 
carcinoma 
sarcoma
leukaemia
myeloma
lymphoma
33
Q

what type of cancer is carcinoma?

A

epithelial cells (skin/surface of internal organs)

34
Q

what type of cancer is sarcoma?

A

muscle, bone, cartilage, other connective tissue

35
Q

what type of cancer is leukaemia?

A

bone marrow (white blood cells)

36
Q

what type of cancer is myeloma?

A

white blood cells producing antibodies

37
Q

what type of cancer is lymphoma?

A

immune system cells

38
Q

name 3 common cancer treatments

A

radiation therapy
chemotherapy
surgery

39
Q

what is radiation therapy?

A

using radiation to kill cancer cells

40
Q

what is chemotherapy?

A

taking chemical drugs

41
Q

what is surgery?

A

removing the tumour

42
Q

name an advantage of radiation therapy

A

useful when surgery cannot be carried out

43
Q

name an advantage of chemotherapy

A

slows or controls spread of cancer

44
Q

name an advantage of surgery

A

if found early, tumour can be removed

45
Q

name 2 disadvantages of radiation therapy

A

can damage normal cells

side effects: nausea, vomiting, skin redness or skin pain

46
Q

name 2 disadvantages of chemotherapy

A

toxic to normal cells

painful side effects: feeling weak and sick, hair loss

47
Q

name 2 disadvantages of surgery

A

may not be possible if cancer has spread

painful recovery

48
Q

name 2 lesser known cancer treatments

A

biological therapy

biophotonics

49
Q

what is biological therapy?

A

giving chemicals (“cancer vaccines”) to help your immune system fight cancer

50
Q

what are 3 ways biological therapy stops cancer?

A

stops / slows cancer cell growth
makes it easier for your immune system to destroy cancer cells
keeps cancer from spreading

51
Q

what is biophotonics?

A

when light shines on cells, particles of light are scattered by atoms and molecules of the cells; special devices record these scatter patterns

52
Q

what are 3 advantages of biophotonics?

A

allows early detection
fewer side effects
targets cancerous tissues more accurately

10 science-- biology (24 decks)

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