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MCAT Pysch/Soc > Social processes, attitudes and behaviors > Flashcards

Social processes, attitudes and behaviors Flashcards

1
Q

Social Facilitation

A

when people perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others

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2
Q

Yorkes - Dodson law of social facilitation

A

being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (or simple tasks) and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (or complex task)

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3
Q

Deindividuation

A

occurs when individuals are in a group setting
due to the presence of a large group that provides anonymity and causes a loss of individual identity.

example: in group settings, the individual loses his sense of individuality and becomes an anonymous part of a group.
He is most likely to react in a manner inconsistent with his normal self.

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4
Q

Bystander Effect

A

when people do not intervene to help victims when others are present.
the more people standing by, the less likely any one of those people is to help.

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5
Q

Social Loafing

A

the tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually.

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6
Q

Peer pressure

A

the social influence placed on individuals by other they consider equals (peers)

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7
Q

identity shift effect

A

explains the peer pressure phenomenon
conforming to the norm of the group for acceptance
highlights the cognitive dissonance

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8
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

the simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions.
this lead stop an internal state of discomfort which may manifest anxiety, fear, anger or confusion.

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9
Q

social interaction

A

explores the ways in which two or more individuals can both shape each others behavior.

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10
Q

group polarization

A

describes the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group.
can lead to a riskier and more cautious decision

Similar to choice shift

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11
Q

risky shift

A

term to describe that group stand to make riskier decisions than individuals alone.

when these group shift toward caution the term used is CHOICE SHIFT

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12
Q

Groupthink

A

a social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision

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13
Q

illusion of invulnerability

factor that indicates groupthink

A

the creation of optimism and encouragement of risk - taking

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14
Q

collective rationalization

factor that indicates groupthink

A

ignoring warnings against the idea of the group

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15
Q

illusion of morality

factor that indicates groupthink

A

the belief that the groups decisions are morally correct

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16
Q

pressure for conformity

factor that indicates groupthink

A

the pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal

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17
Q

self - censorship

factor that indicates groupthink

A

the withholding of opposing views

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18
Q

illusion of unanimity

factor that indicates groupthink

A

the false sense of agreement within the group

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19
Q

mindguards

factor that indicates groupthink

A

the appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views

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20
Q

excessive stereotyping

factor that indicates groupthink

A

the construction for stereotypes against outside opinions

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21
Q

culture

A

the beliefs, behaviors, actions and characteristics of a group of society of people
passed down from generation to generation

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22
Q

culture shock

A

when traveling outside of ones own society and having the culture differences to seem dramatic

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23
Q

assimilation

A

when an individuals or groups behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group.
can also mean that groups with different culture begin to merge into one

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24
Q

ethnic enclaves

A

assimilation is slowed down by this

locations (usually neighborhoods) with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity

25
Q

multiculturism

A

communities or societies containing multiple cultures

26
Q

subcultures

A

a group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong.

27
Q

Socialization

A

the process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

28
Q

Norms

A

are what determine the boundaries of acceptable behavior within society

29
Q

Stigma

A

the extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society
evolves over time
family members of a murdered or rapist can be stigmatized

30
Q

Deviance

A

refers to any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within the society
and act that goes against society
any act that meets with disapproval from the larger society such as promiscuous sexual behavior

provides a clear perception of social norms and acceptance boundaries, promoting social change.

31
Q

Conformity

A

changing the beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society
aka: majority influence

normative conformity: the desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection

32
Q

Compliance

A

occurs when individuals change their behavior based on the request of others.
Methods of gaining compliance include the door in the door technique, door in the face technique, lowball technique and thats not all technique among others

33
Q

obedience

A

a change in behavior based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure

34
Q

Primary socialization

A

occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily through observation of our parents and other adults in close proximity.

35
Q

Secondary socialization

A

the process of learning appropriate behavior within small sections of the larger society.
occurs outside of the home and is based on learning rules of specific social environments

36
Q

Anticipatory socialization

A

the process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships

37
Q

Resocialization

A 
process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change 
can have (+) or (-) connotations
38
Q

mores

A

widely observed social norms

they are no laws but they do govern the behavior of society and provide a sense of social control.

39
Q

taboo

A

socially unacceptable

40
Q

folkways

A

norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular contexts, such as shaking hands after a sports match

41
Q

sanctions

A

penalties for misconduct that can be used to maintain social order

42
Q

labeling theory

A

posts that the labels given to people affect not only how they respond to that person but also the persons self image
can lead to channeling of behavior into deviance or conformity
its linked to deviance, stigmatization and reputation

43
Q

differential association theory

A

theory that says that deviance can be learned through interaction with others

44
Q

internalization

A

changing ones behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group

45
Q

identification

A

refers to the acceptance of others ideas without questioning them.

46
Q

lowball technique

A

the requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raise the cost of the commitment
cost can be money, time or effort

ex: you are asked by your boss to head a committee with a time commitment of 5 hrs/month of meetings; you agree to head the committee, but discover afterwards that the commitment also includes written reports from each meeting and a quarterly presentation.

47
Q

thats - not - all technique

A

an individual is made na offer but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than expected.

48
Q

Attitudes

A

tendencies toward expression of (+) or (-) feelings or evaluations of something

49
Q

functional attitude theory

A

states that there are 4 functional areas of attitudes that serve individuals in life: knowledges, ego expression, adaptability, and ego defense

50
Q

learning theory

A

states that attitudes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, and conditioning

51
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

states that attitudes are formed and changed through different rules of information processing based on the degree of elaboration (central route processing, peripheral route processing)

52
Q

social cognitive theory

A

states that attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, personal factors and environment

53
Q

components of attitude:

A

ABC

A- AFFECTIVE: refers to the way a person feels towards something, and is the emotional component of attitudes (Snakes scare me and I love my family)

B- BEHAVIORAL: the way a person acts with respect to something. (Avoidingsnakzes and spending time with ones family)

C- COGNITIVE: the way an individual things about something, which is usually the justification for the other two components (knowing that snakes can be dancers and sometimes poisonous provides a reason to be afraid of snakes and to avoid them).

54
Q

central route processing

A

(HIGH ELABORATION)

scrutinizing and analyzing the content of persuasive information

55
Q

peripheral route processing

A

(LOW ELABORATION)

focusing on superficial details of persuasive information such as appearance, catchphrases and slogans and credibility

56
Q

ego expressive

A

allows us to communicate and solidify out self identity

57
Q

ego defensive

A

protect their self esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong

58
Q

adaptive

A

the idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed.

MCAT Pysch/Soc (27 decks)

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