Chapter 29: Postwar Order

Question 1

Détente

Answer 1

Progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions that emerged in the early 1970’s.

Question 2

Developed Socialism

Answer 2

A term used by Communist leaders to describe the socialist accomplishments of their societies, such as nationalized industry, collective agriculture, and extensive social welfare programs.

Question 3

Glasnost

Answer 3

Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev’s popular campaign for openness in government and the media.

Question 4

Maastricht Treaty

Answer 4

The basis for the formation of the European Union, which set financial and cultural standards for potential member states and defined criteria for membership in the monetary union.

Question 5

Brezhnev Doctrine

Answer 5

Doctrine created by Leonid Brezhnev hat held that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any East Bloc country when necessary to preserve Communist rule.

Question 6

Neoliberalism

Answer 6

Philosophy of 1980s conservatives who argued for privatization of state-run industries and decreased government spending on social services.

Question 7

New Left

Answer 7

A 1960s counterculture movement that embraced updated forms of Marxism to challenge both Western capitalism and Soviet-style communism.

Question 8

OPEC

Answer 8

The Arab-led Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Question 9

Ostpolitik

Answer 9

German for “Eastern policy”; West Germany’s attempt in the 1970s to ease diplomatic tensions with East Germany, exemplifying the policies of détente.

Question 10

Perestroika

Answer 10

Economic restructuring and reform implemented by Premier Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in 1985.

Question 11

Postindustrial Society

Answer 11

A society that relies on high-tech and service-oriented jobs for economic growth rather than heavy industry and manufacturing jobs.

Question 12

Privatization

Answer 12

The sale of state-managed industries such as transportation and communication networks to private owners, a key policy of neoliberalism meant to control government spending, increase private profits, and foster economic growth, which was implemented in western Europe in response to he economic crisis of the 1970s.

Question 13

Second Vatican Council

Answer 13

A meeting of Catholic leaders convened from 1960 to 1965 that initiated a number of reforms, including the replacement of Latin with local languages in church services, designed to democratize the church and renew its appeal.

Question 14

Solidarity

Answer 14

Independent Polish trade union that worked for workers’ rights and political reform throughout the 1980s.

Question 15

Stagflation

Answer 15

Term coined in the early 1980s to describe the combination of low growth and high inflation that led to a worldwide recession.

Question 16

Velvet Revolution

Answer 16

The term given to the relatively peaceful overthrow of communism in Czechoslovakia; the label came to signify the collapse of the East Bloc in general in 1980 to 1990.