Participles Flashcards
What must a participle do
Agree with the noun it qualifies in gender, number, case
Has tense and voice
Retains its verbal powers and can take an object
“The men DESTROYING THE TOWN”
Present active
Present stem + ns
ie will appear for i-stems
Perfect passive
Fourth principal part (-us -a -um)
Future active
4th principal part -urus -ura -urum
Future passive
Present stem + -ndus -nda -ndum
ie will appear for i-stem verbs
The tenses of participles
Its tense is relative to that of the main verb
Present: an event contemporaneous to main verb
Past: an event prior to main verb
Future: an event subsequent to main verb
How should a present participle be translated
Femina clamans discessit
The SHOUTING woman departed
The woman departed SHOUTING
SHOUTING, the woman departed
The woman WHO WAS SHOUTING departed
The woman, SINCE SHE WAS SHOUTING, departed
The woman, ALTHOUGH SHE WAS SHOUTING, departed
WHEN/WHILE SHE WAS SHOUTING, the woman departed
IF SHE WAS SHOUTING, the woman departed
What words can a participle be translated with
If, When, while, since, although
When a verb is to be taken as concessive
Concessive = “although”
“Tamen”(nevertheless) is inserted to qualify the main verb
Femina clamans tamen discessit
Although the woman was shouting, she nevertheless departed
How should a perfect participle be translated
Femina territa clamavit
The HAVING-BEEN-FRIGHTENED woman shouted.
The woman HAVING BEEN FRIGHTENED, shouted
HAVING BEEN FRIGHTENED, the woman shouted
The FRIGHTENED woman shouted
The woman WHO HAD BEEN FRIGHTENED shouted
SINCE/ALTHOUGH/WHEN/AFTER/IF SHE HAD BEEN FRIGHTENED, the woman shouted
How to make a past participle active (not passive)
After she shouted, the woman departed
Use “postquam” introducing a subordinate clause
Postquam clamavit, femina discessit
How should a future active participle be translated
Femina discessura virum vidit
The ABOUT-TO-DEPART woman saw her husband
the woman, ABOUT TO DEPART, saw her husband
ABOUT TO DEPART, the woman saw her husband
The woman WHO WAS ABOUT/GOING TO DEPART saw her husband
SINCE/ALTHOUGH/WHEN/AS/IF the woman WAS GOING TO DEPART, she saw her husband
How should a future passive participle be translated
Libros legendos in mensa posuit
He placed HAVING-TO-BE-READ books on the table
He placed books TO BE READ on the table
He placed books WHICH HAD TO BE READ on the table
What is the future passive participle
The gerundive
Notion of obligation, necessity, propriety
