Chp11-P358-P379

Question 1

Developmental psychology?

Answer 1

concerned with interaction between physical and psychological processes and with stages of growth from conception throughout the entire life span.

Question 2

Normative investigation?

Answer 2

A research effort designed to describe what is characteristic of a specific age or developmental stage.

Question 3

Developmental Age?

Answer 3

Chronological age at which most children show a particular level of physical or mental development.

Question 4

Longitudinal Design?

Answer 4

A research design in which the same participants are observed repeatedly, sometimes over many years.

Question 5

Cross sectional design?

Answer 5

Research method in which groups of participants of different chronological ages are observed and compared at a given time.

Question 6

Physical development?

Answer 6

the bodily changes, maturation and growth that occur in an organism, starting with conception and continuing across the life span.

Question 7

Zygote?

Answer 7

The single cell that results when a sperm fertilises an egg.

Question 8

Germinal stage?

Answer 8

The first two weeks of prenatal development following conception.

Question 9

Embryonic stage?

Answer 9

The second stage of prenatal development, lasting from the third week through to 8 weeks after conception.

Question 10

Foetal stage?

Answer 10

the third stage of prenatal development, lasting from the ninth week through to the birth of the child.

Question 11

Teratogan

Answer 11

Environmental factors such as diseases and drugs that cause structural abnormalities in a developing foetus.

Question 12

maturation?

Answer 12

The continuing influence of heredity throughout development; the age related physical and behavioural changes characteristic of a species.

Question 13

Puberty?

Answer 13

The proces through which sexual maturity is attained.

Question 14

Menarche?

Answer 14

The onset of menstruation

Question 15

Cognitive development?

Answer 15

the development of processes of knowing, including imagining, perceiving, reasoning and problem solving.

Question 16

Scheme?

Answer 16

Piaget’s term for a cognitive structure that develops as infants and young children learn to interpret the world and adapt to their environment.

Question 17

Assimilation?

Answer 17

According to Piaget, the process whereby new cognitive elements are fitted in with old elements or modified to fit more easily.

Question 18

Accommodation

Answer 18

Where existing schemes change to accommodate new information learnt by a child.

Question 19

sensorimotor stage?

Answer 19

The period between birth and age 2 during which an infant’s knowledge of the world is limited to their sensory perceptions and motor activities.

Question 20

Object permanence?

Answer 20

The recognition that objects exist independently of an individual’s action or awareness; an important cognitive acquisition of infancy

Question 21

Preoperational stage?

Answer 21

The period between ages 2 and 7 during which a child learns to use language. During this stage, children do not yet understand concrete logic.

Question 22

Egocentrism?

Answer 22

IN cognitive development, the inability of a young child at the preoperational stage to take the perspective of another person.

Question 23

Centration?

Answer 23

A thought pattern common dujring the beginning of the preoperational stage of cognitive development in a child.

Question 24

Conservation?

Answer 24

According to Piaget, the understanding that physical properties do not change when nothing is added or taken away, even though appearances may change.

Question 25

Foundational theory?

Answer 25

A framework for initial understanding formulated by children to explain their experiences of the world.

Question 26

Internalisation?

Answer 26

According to Vygogtsky, the process through which children absorb knowledge from the social context.

Question 27

Foundational theory?

Answer 27

A framework for initial unerstanding formulated by children to explain their experiences of the world.

Question 28

Phoneme?

Answer 28

The minimal unit of speech in any given language that makes a meaningful difference in speech and production and reception.

Question 29

Child directed speech

Answer 29

A form of speech with an exaggerated and high pitched intonation that adults use to speak to infants and young children.

Question 30

Language making capacity?

Answer 30

The innate guidelines or operating principles that children bring to the task of learning a language.

Question 31

Over regularisation?

Answer 31

A grammatical error, usually appearing during early language development, in which rules of the langauge are applied too widely , resulting in incorrect linguistic forms.

Question 32

Social development?

Answer 32

The ways in which individuals’ social interactions and expectations change across the life span.

Question 33

Psychosocial changes?

Answer 33

Proposed by Erik Erikson, successive developmental stages that focus on an individual’s orientation toward the self and others.

Question 34

Socialisation?

Answer 34

The lifelong process whereby an individual’s behavioural patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes and motives are shaped to conform to those regarded as desirable in a particular society.

Question 35

Temperament?

Answer 35

A child’s biologically based level of emotional and behavioural resonse to environmental events.

Question 36

Attachment?

Answer 36

Emotional relationship between a child and the regular caregiver.

Question 37

Imprinting?

Answer 37

A primitive form of learning in which some infant animals physically follow and form an attachment to the first moving object they see and/or hear.