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Respiratory Block > Basic Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Basic Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the respiratory system?

A

Gas Exchange
Acid base balance
Protection from infection
Communication via speech

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2
Q

What is the waste product of oxygen being used to produce energy?

A

Carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What type of blood does the pulmonary artery transport?

A

Deoxygenated

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4
Q

Where is oxygen delivered to in the pulmonary circulation?

A

The heart

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5
Q

What are the two main points of gas exchange within the respiratory system?

A

The lungs

Systemic capillaries

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6
Q

What is the average volume of oxygen exchanged in the lungs per minute?

A

250 ml

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7
Q

In which part of the respiratory system is the air shared with the digestive system?

A

The pharynx

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8
Q

What is the name given to the small flap of tissue folding over the trachea to prevent food from entering the trachea?

A

Epiglottis

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9
Q

Which parts make up the upper respiratory tract?

A 
Pharynx
Nasal cavity
Vocal cords
Tongue
Larynx
Oesophagus
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10
Q

Which parts make up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Lungs
Trachea
Bronchi
Diaphragm

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11
Q

Which lung has 3 lobes?

A

The right lung

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12
Q

What are the names of the 3 lobes in the right lung?

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

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13
Q

Where is the point of gas exhange in the airways?

A

Alveoli

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14
Q

Which type of alveolar cells permit gas exchange?

A

Type 1 cells

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15
Q

Which fluid produced by Type 2 alveolar cells reduces surface tension on the alveolar surface membrane

A

Surfactant

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16
Q

What does surfactant reduce the tendency for alveoli to do?

A

Collapse

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17
Q

Is surfactant more effective in smaller or larger alveoli?

A

Smaller alveoli

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18
Q

At roughly what time gestation period does surfactant production start?

A

25 weeks

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19
Q

What is the name given to the change in volume relative to change in pressure?

A

Compliance

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20
Q

What does compliance represent?

A

The stretchability of the lungs

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21
Q

Emphysema is the loss of what?

A

Elastic tissue

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22
Q

Where is alveolar ventilation highest?

A

The base of the lung

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23
Q

Give 2 examples of obstructive lung disorders

A

Chronic Bronchitis

Emphysema

24
Q

Which lung volume cannot be measured directly by spirometry?

A

Residual volume

25
Q

What does FEV1 stand for?

A

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

26
Q

Which type of circulation sends oxygenated blood to the airway’s smooth muscle?

A

Bronchial

27
Q

Which type of circulation carries the entire cardiac output from the right ventricle?

A

Pulmonary

28
Q

Where does the pulmonary circulation return oxygenated blood to?

A

Left Atrium

29
Q

Is vascular resistance higher at the base or the apex of the lung?

A

The apex

30
Q

Where in the lung is blood flow highest?

A

The base of the lung

31
Q

What is the name given to when ventilation is greater than blood flow?

A

Alveolar dead space

32
Q

What does the term anatomical dead space refer to?

A

Air in the conducting zone of the respiratory tract unable to participate in gas exchange

33
Q

The partial pressure only refers to what?

A

Oxygen dissolved in solution

34
Q

Where does most of the arterial oxygen content come from?

A

The haemoglobin in the RBCs

35
Q

How many oxygen molecules can haemoglobin co-operatively bind?

A

4

36
Q

What is the major determinant of teh degree to which haemoglobin is saturated with oxygen?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

37
Q

Why can a fetus extract oxygen from the mother’s blood>

A

Due to foetal haemoglobin having a higher affinity for oxygen than HbA

38
Q

Why, in anaemic patients would arterial blood be normal?

A

Because ventilation is not affected, it is normal also

39
Q

If pH decreases, what will happen to the haemoglobin saturation?

A

It will also decrease

40
Q

DPG is produced as a result of what?

A

Red cell metabolism

41
Q

Why is carbon monoxide so dangerous?

A

It has a greater affinity than oxygen for haemoglobin

42
Q

In hypoventilation, what happens to the oxygen levels?

A

They decrease

43
Q

What is the name given to when more carbon dioxide is given off by the body?

A

Hyperventilation

44
Q

For the body to be able to breath, it requires a cycle of activation of what nerves?

A

Phrenic and Intercostal nerves

45
Q

Which nerves innervates the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerve

46
Q

What is the most important factor in changing the breathing rhythm?

A

The chemical composition of the blood

47
Q

What are the names of the 2 types of chemoreceptor?

A

Central and peripheral

48
Q

What is the central chemoreceptor controlled by?

A

The medulla

49
Q

Which chemoreceptor is responsible for the primary ventilatory drive?

A

The central chemoreceptor

50
Q

If arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide decreases, what can also decrease?

A

Ventilation rate

51
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors controlled by?

A

Carotid and aortic bodies

52
Q

The peripheral chemoreceptors stimulate ventilation following what?

A

A large fall in arterial partial pressure of oxygen

53
Q

True or False? any voluntary breathing pattern can be overriden by the cortex if need be

A

True

54
Q

During swallowing, respiration is inhibited to avoid what?

A

Aspiration of food or fluids into the airways

55
Q

What is the name given to the total air movement in and out of lungs?

A

Pulmonary ventilation

Respiratory Block (21 decks)

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