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Respiratory Block > Tuberculosis > Flashcards

Tuberculosis Flashcards

1
Q

Of 1.3 million TB deaths worldwide annually, how many of these individuals are also HIV+?

A

300,000

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2
Q

Where are most of the UK’s cases of TB found?

A

London

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3
Q

What is the name of the responsible organism of TB?

A

Mycobacteria

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4
Q

What are the two types of mycobacteria that cause TB?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium bovis

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5
Q

What is the thick cell wall of the mycobacteria made of?

A

Lipids
Peptidoglycans
Arabinomannans

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6
Q

Why is it unlikely to catch TB from outdoor bacteria?

A

As the outdoor mycobacteria is eliminated by UV radiation and infinite dilution

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7
Q

How is mycobacterium bovis transmitted?

A

Consumption of infected cows’ milk

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8
Q

How is the transmission of M. bovis being solved?

A

Pasteurisation

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9
Q

What types of macrophages are the only ones that can cause destruction of mycobacteria?

A

Activated macrophages

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10
Q

What type of cells can activates macrophages?

A

T-helper 1 cells

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11
Q

What does the accumulation of macrophages, epitheloid and Langhan’s cells lead to?

A

Granulomas

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12
Q

How does mycobacteria spread?

A

Via lymphatics

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13
Q

What is a primary complex of TB?

A

Initial lesion and a local lymph node

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14
Q

What are the 3 outcomes of primary infection of TB?

A

Progression of the disease
Contained latently
Cleared or cured

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15
Q

An enlarged hilar lymph compressing the bronchi can lead to what?

A

A lobar collapse

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16
Q

What are the 2 main ways in which post primary disease occurs?

A

Reactivation of the mycobacterium from latent primary infection
New re-infection from different source

17
Q

What things under a past medical history can give greater chance of a post primary pulmonary TB?

A

Diabetes
Immunosuppressive diseases
Previous TB

18
Q

What signs are there for more advanced post primary TB?

A

Crackles

Bronchial breathing

19
Q

If a sputum test comes back negative for TB, what should be done next?

A

A CT scan of the thorax

20
Q

Why are the surgical techniques to remove TB becoming more prevalent?

A

Due to increased resistance of TB

21
Q

What is essential in modern treatment of TB?

A

Multiple drug therapy

22
Q

How long should therapy of drugs be done for?

A

6 months

23
Q

What are the names of the 4 drugs that are taken for 2 months?

A

Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Ethambutol
Pyrazinamide

24
Q

What is the side effect of ethambutol?

A

Optic neuropathy

Respiratory Block (21 decks)

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