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Respiratory Block > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main phases in human development?

A

Pre-embryonic
Embryonic
Foetal

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2
Q

During oogenesis, an ova is produced alongside what?

A

3 polar bodies

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3
Q

What part of the sperm enters the ova during fertilisation?

A

(pro)nucleus

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4
Q

What is the morula?

A

A solid ball of cells

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5
Q

What does the morula become?

A

A blastocyst

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6
Q

What is the name given to the accumulation of cells within a blastocyst?

A

The inner cell mass

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7
Q

What is the name of the outer lining of cells within the blastocyst?

A

Trophoblast

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8
Q

From the 1st cell division to the following cell divisions, what happens to the time taken for these cell division to occur?

A

The time decreases

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9
Q

What is the uterine tube lined with?

A

Ciliated epithelium

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10
Q

When does an eptopic pregnancy occur?

A

When the zygote cannot move through the uterine tube

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11
Q

Implantation takes place in what week of the pre-embryonic phase?

A

Week 2

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12
Q

Where does the blastocyst burrow down into during implantation?

A

The uterine wall (endometrium)

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13
Q

What does the trophoblast then form during week 2 of the pre-embryonic phase?

A

The chorion

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14
Q

What are the finger-like processes devloped by the chorion?

A

Chorionic villi

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15
Q

What secretes HCG?

A

The chorion

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16
Q

What does HCG indicate?

A

That a pregnancy is occurring

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17
Q

Where is the fetus nurtured?

A

The endometrium

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18
Q

When do maternal blood levels of HCG stop increasing?

A

Week 12

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19
Q

What happens to allow the epiblast and hypoblast to form?

A

The inner cell mass flattens

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20
Q

What 2 layers make up the bilaminar disc?

A

Epiblast

Hypoblast

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21
Q

What is the name of the cavity above the epiblast?

A

The amniotic cavity

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22
Q

What is the name of the cavity below the hypoblast?

A

The yolk sac

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the amniotic cavity?

A

To protect the embryo

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24
Q

What separates the maternal blood vessels from the foetal blood vessels?

A

The chorion

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25
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the placenta?

A

Foetal nutrition
Transport of waste and gases
Immunity

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26
Q

What forms the placenta?

A

The chorionic villi

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27
Q

In fraternal births, how many ova are released?

A

2

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28
Q

What is the name given to the dip in the epiblast?

A

The primitive streak

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29
Q

What is the name of the 3 layers formed during gastrulation?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

30
Q

What is the collective name given to the the ectoderm, the mesoderm and the endoderm?

A

The trilaminar disc

31
Q

What is the name given to neural tube formation?

A

Neurulation

32
Q

Where does the notochord sit?

A

In the mesoderm

33
Q

What induces the ectodermal cells in the midline to form a neural line?

A

Notochord

34
Q

What does the newly formed neural tube induce the mesoderm to do?

A

Thicken

35
Q

What 3 parts do the mesoderm split into on either side?

A

Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm

36
Q

Which mesoderm splits into the somatic and splanchnic mesoderms?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

37
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm form?

A

Somites

38
Q

Which mesoderm forms the urogenital system?

A

The intermediate plate mesoderm

39
Q

How many blocks form to become somites on either side of the neural tube?

A

33

40
Q

Why does the embryo start to fold laterally?

A

Due to the mesoderm becoming so heavy

41
Q

What is the foetal position of the embryo due to?

A

The head and tail fold of the zygote

42
Q

What 3 things does each somite divide into?

A

Dermatome
Myotome
Sclerotome

43
Q

Where is the nucleus palposus of the IV discs formed from?

A

The notochord

44
Q

What is teratology?

A

The study of when things go wrong during development

45
Q

During which weeks is there the greatest sensitivity to teratogens?

A

Weeks 3-8

46
Q

How do infectious agents affect the developing embryo?

A

Transfer through the placenta

47
Q

In which week does folding of the embryo take place?

A

Week 3

48
Q

What is the origin of the formation of the gut tube?

A

The endoderm

49
Q

What does longitudinal folding of the embryo give rise to?

A

Foregut and hindgut

50
Q

At what week gestation do the lungs develop?

A

4 weeks gestation

51
Q

At what week of development do the nasal pits deepen?

A

Week 6

52
Q

What does the respiratory primordium start out as?

A

A median outgrowth

53
Q

What does the larynx develop from?

A

The endoderm

54
Q

Where does the cartilage of the larynx develop from?

A

The 4th-6th pairs of pharyngeal arches

55
Q

Where does the epiglottis develop from?

A

The caudal part of the hypopharyngeal eminence

56
Q

What is caused as a result of recanalization failure?

A

Laryngeal atresia

57
Q

What does laryngeal atresia cause the lower airways to do?

A

Dilate

58
Q

How can laryngeal atresia be detected?

A

Through ultrasound

59
Q

What gives rise to the laryngotracheal diverticulum?

A

The laryngotracheal groove

60
Q

Lung bud formation is a result of what?

A

Ventral outgrowth of the foregut endoderm

61
Q

When does a trachea-oesophageal fistula occur?

A

When there is incomplete separation of the trachea and oesophagus

62
Q

Why won’t a foetus survive if born during the pseudo-glandular stage of development?

A

As the major gas exchange elements have not formed

63
Q

During the canalicular stage, what happens to the lumina of the bronchi and terminal bronchioles?

A

They enlarge

64
Q

During what week of embryonic development, do the terminal sacs become lined with type 1 and 2 pneumocytes?

A

26 weeks

65
Q

Which type of pneumocytes secrete surfactant?

A

Type 2

66
Q

What is surfactant a mixture of?

A

Phospholipids and proteins

67
Q

What does surfactant prevent the collapse of?

A

Alveoli sacs during exhalation

68
Q

What is the major cause of respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Surfactant deficiency

69
Q

What happens to the number of alveoli at 8 years old?

A

They reach the adult number of alveoli

70
Q

What are the 4 embryonic components that form the diaphragm?

A

Septum transversum
Pleuroperitoneal membranes
Dorsal mesentry of oesophagus
Muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls

71
Q

Where is the septum transversum initially located?

A

Opposite the somites of C3-5

Respiratory Block (21 decks)

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