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GI > GI Secretions 1 and 2 - combo 1/17 > Flashcards

GI Secretions 1 and 2 - combo 1/17 Flashcards

Recheck hormones (first half)

1
Q

3 glands that contribute to Saliva

A

• Parotid Glands - serious fluid (contains amylase) • Submaxillary glands - mixed serous/mucous fluid • Sublingual glands - mucous fluids

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2
Q

Secretin promotes ____, inhibits ______

A

promotes — pancreatic bicarb secretions and an alkaline pH in the duodenum (high pH) inhibits — gastric acid secretion (acid is low pH)

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3
Q

CCK decreases ______, increases secretion of _______ and ______

A

decreases gastric emptying, and increases pancreatic enzyme secretion, and bile secretion (gall bladder contractions)

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4
Q

VIP

A

VasoACTIVE intestinal Polypep – “active” – it increases intestinal motility.

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5
Q

______ is the only hormone that promotes GASTRIC functions (acid secretion and motility)

A

Gastrin — promotes gastric acid secretion and motility

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6
Q

Alkaline Tide

A

HCO3- / Cl - Exchanger

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7
Q

apical surface of the parietal cells have ____

A

proton pumps

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8
Q

as salivary flow increases, the osmolality ____ due to a _____

A

increases, decrease in the reabsorption of electrolytes

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9
Q

CCK

A

CCK is released from the duodenum as soon as chyme enters into it (due to vagal stimulation) - causes the release of digestive enzymes and bile from pancreas and gallbladder

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10
Q

cephalic phase

A
  • sensory activation (sight, smell), anticipatory response - Glossopharyngeal and facial nerves – increase saliva production - Vagus (Ach) – stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl to prepare stomach for food (before it gets there)
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11
Q

Changes in GIT due to fever

A
  • increasing GI contractions, pushing chyme out of tract faster, and decrease absorption - metabolic rate goes up
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12
Q

Co-lipase

A

makes the lipids accessible to the pancreatic lipase

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13
Q

Colon Secretions

A

reabsorb all of the remaining Na+ and Cl-

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14
Q

enterokinase

A

trypsinogen to trypsin

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15
Q

gastric phase

A

stretch and gastrin release

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16
Q

GIP: GIP stands for 2 things

A

a. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide: inhibit gastric acid secretion. b. Glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide.

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17
Q

H. pylori

A

natural resistance to our gastric acid protective mucus barrier

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18
Q

how does chloride come into the lumen?

A

HCO3- is exchanged for Cl-

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19
Q

how is H+ made?

A

the metabolism of CO2, the bicarbonate is secreted into the blood resulting in an alkaline tide

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20
Q

if you reduce blood flow to a gland, you reduce _____

A

the ability of the gland to secrete

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21
Q

if you stimulate the ____, you get a tremendous increase in salivary flow. If you stimulate the ____, you don’t get much of an increase in flow

A

parasympathetics inc salivary flow sympathetic stimulation would not increase flow

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22
Q

in addition to GI peptides, ____ is produced in adipose tissues and is a counterpart of ghrelin. It decreases appetite by suppressing ____

A

leptin, NPY

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23
Q

in the fasting state, ____ is secreted into the blood from _____ cells in the stomach

A

ghrelin, oxnytic (parietal)

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24
Q

in the ____ of the hypothalamus, ghrelin stimulates ____, an orexigenic peptide which stimulates a sense of ___

A

arcuate nucleus, NPY, hunger

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25
Q

intestinal phase

A

vagal reflex and then inhibitory local ENS reflex

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26
Q

Jejunum and Ileum

A

bulk reabsorption of all of those electrolytes we’ve been secreting

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27
Q

NO – nitric oxide

A

–ultimate smooth muscle relaxer, so it reduces motility and relaxes sphincters.

28
Q

NPY hormone

A

stimulates HUNGER.

29
Q

parietal cells

A

canaliculi

30
Q

Peptic ulcer

A

inflammation causes mucosal damage

31
Q

Peptide YY and GLP-1

A
  • promote satiety as chyme moves through intestines - surpasses both gastric and pancreatic secretion (by suppressing Ach and stimulating somatostatin) - released from ilium??
32
Q

you can tell from its name that this hormone also promotes intestinal motility.

A

Motilin!

33
Q

saliva is always ____ to plasma

A

hypotonic

34
Q

satiety is a result of many different GI peptides, including ____. They suppress ____, decreasing appetite

A

peptide YY and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide) hypothalamic NPY

35
Q

the amount of acid that is made is determined by ____

A

the number of pumps inserted into the membrane

36
Q

the concentration of H+ in the lumen is ____x higher than in the cell

A

10^6

37
Q

the concentration of K+ in saliva is about ___ whereas the concentration in the plasma is about ___

A

20 mEq/L, 4

38
Q

the parotid glands secrete:

A

serous fluid w/ amylase

39
Q

the sublingual glands secrete:

A

mucous fluid

40
Q

the submaxillary glands secrete:

A

mixed serous/mucous fluid

41
Q

This is the only hormone that causes gallbladder contraction.

A

CKK: “cholecyst” = gallbladder, “kinin” = move. – gall bladder –> bile secretion, important for lipid digestion. Also important for lipid digestion– Pancreatic lipase! CKK increases secretion of Pancreatic enzymes. ** CKK decreases gastric emptying.**

42
Q

Vagus efferents, Gastrin, and Histamine

A

stimulating gastric acid secretion

43
Q

What are the 7 functions of saliva?

A

“COLD TAP” coagulation factors oral hygiene lubrication digestion taste antimicrobial protection

44
Q

what are the gastric secretions?

A

HIPGLaHMS _HCl- chemical digestion (parietal) _Intrinsic factor (IF)- protect B12 (parietal) _Pepsinogen- digests proteins (chief) _Gastrin- HCl secretagogue (G-cells in antrum) _Lipase- lipid digestion (chief) _Histamine - increase HCl _Mucus- protection _SS - suppress HCl

45
Q

what are the three paired saliva glands?

A

parotid glands submaxillary glands sublingual glands

46
Q

What controls flow of Saliva?

A

PNS glossopharyngeal and facial nerves

47
Q

What controls salivary flow? If you severed these nerves, what happens?

A
  • PNS controls flow of saliva through glossopharyngeal and facial nerves - without these nerves salivary glands would atrophy
48
Q

what enzymes are found in saliva and what do they do?

A

α-amylase: for starch digestion lingual lipase: lipid digestion (more important in babies) R-binders (proteins): bind and protect B12 from proteases in the stomach

49
Q

what happens to metabolic rate in fever?

A

it goes up

50
Q

What inhibits all secretion, does not affect motility– the “inhibitory hormone”?

A

Somatostatin: [somato-stat stops secretions, and is static]

– inhibits all secretions (acid, pepsinogen, HCO3-, pancreatic enzymes, insulin, glucagon).

– It does not affect motility.

51
Q

What is the “anticipatory reaction”?

A

increased gastric acid secretion

52
Q

what things decrease salivary flow?

A

“SAD - ADHD’S” sympathetics (NE) aging Dehydration ADH, Aldo (hormones) Drugs Sleep

53
Q

what things increase salivary flow?

A

parasympathetics (Ach) CNS (cephalic phase) nausea esophageal distension (bolus!) chewy, flavorful foods dry, acidic, alkaline foods meats, sweets, bitter foods

54
Q

α-Amylase

A

digest starch molecules

55
Q

4 Hormones that affect the stomach:

A

” Get Caught Seretin Gastrin”

GIP, CKK, Secretin, Gastrin

56
Q

The inhibitory hormone

A

Somatostatin

57
Q

3 Hormones that affect intestinal motility:

A

NO, VIP, and Motilin

58
Q

Stomach distension increases motility of the stomach via _____ and intestine via_____

A

increases motility of the stomach (via Gastrin) and intestine (via VIP).

* When the stomach’s full, you want the food to move along to the next part of the GIT.

59
Q

when the stomach is too acidic, you’ll want to bring the pH back to normal by decreasing acid secretion, by …..

A
  • DEC Gastrin = dec acid secretion
  • INC secretin + Somatostatin = dec acid secretion
60
Q

when there’s glucose in your GIT, you’ll want to get ready for it by having insulin available, which is done via ____

A

GIP

61
Q

fatty acids increase the secretion of

A

CCK, GIP, Secretin

** fatty acids are digested by pancreatic lipases which require an alkaline pH to function**

62
Q

Both amino acids and fatty acids increase the secretion of ____ and _____.

A

CCK and GIP.

63
Q

Amino acids also increase secretion of these 3 things:

A

“CGG” = CCK, GIP, Gastrin

[think: proteins are digested by pepsin, acid makes pepsinogen into pepsin, need acid!]

64
Q

Vagal stimulation increases ___ and ___, decreases ____________.

A
  • INC – Gastrin and VIP
  • dec – Somatostatin
65
Q
  • Chief of Pepsi-Cola
  • PARI
A

Chief cells of stomach produce Pepsin

Parietal cells Produce Acid & Release Intrinsic factor

66
Q

4 mneumonics

A
  1. Lesser OMentum holds Liver and stOMach
  2. Mesentery holds the sMall intestine
  3. mesoCOLON attaches COLON to posterior abdominal wall.
  4. e. coLI is found in the Large Intestine

GI (40 decks)

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