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Biology > Chapter 13 vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 13 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Hybridization

A

Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms

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2
Q

Inbreeding

A

The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics

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3
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism

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4
Q

Restriction enzyme

A

Enzymes that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of Nucleotides

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5
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Procedure that allows DNA fragments to be separated & Analyzed

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6
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Because they are produced by combining DNA from different sources

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7
Q

Polymerase chain reaction

A

Like a photo copy machine stuck on “print”

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8
Q

Plasmid

A

The foreign DNA is first joined to a small, circular DNA molecule

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9
Q

Genetic maker

A

A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that don’t

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10
Q

Transgenic

A

Meaning that they contain genes from other species

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11
Q

Clone

A

A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

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12
Q

Selective Breeding

A

Allowing only those animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
Humans use selective breeding, which takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation in plants animals and other o gains so to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms

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13
Q

Polyploid

A

Many sets of chromosomes

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14
Q

Organism that’s has been produced by selective breeding

A

Horses dogs cats potatoes

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15
Q

Who was Luther Burbank

A

Botanist, who d beloved the disease-resistant Burbank potato, which was later exported to Ireland to help fight potato blight and other diseases

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16
Q

What are the risks of inbreeding

A

There is always a chance that a cross between two individuals will bring together two recessive alleles for a genetic defect

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17
Q

Why are biologists interested in preserving the diversity of plants and animals in the wild

A

Selective breeding would be nearly impossible w/o the wide variation that is found in natural populations

18
Q

Breeders can increase the genetic variation by inducing ______, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability

A

Mutations

19
Q

Name two methods used by breeders to increase the rate of mutation

A

Radiation

Chemicals

20
Q

Why are radiation and chemicals useful techniques for producing mutant bacteria

A

This increases the chances of producing a useful mutant: using this technique, scientist have been possible to produce bacteria that can digest oil.

21
Q

What is true about polyploidy

A

Polyploidy plants have many sets of chromosomes
Polyploidy is usually fatal in animals
Bananas & some citrus fruits are polyploidy

22
Q

Making changes to the DNA code is similar to changing the code of a computer program. True or false

A

True

23
Q

Scientist use their knowledge of the _____ of DNA and its ___ properties to study and change DNA molecules

A

Structure

Chemical

24
Q

Four different techniques that molecular biologist use to study and change DNA molecules

A

Extract DNA from cells
Cut DNA into smaller pieces
Identify the sequence of bases in DNA molecule
Make unlimited copies of DNA

25
Q

Explain how biologists get DNA out of the cell

A

The cells are opened & the DNA is separated from the other cell parts

26
Q

Biologists use _____ to cut enzyme to cut DNA molecules at a specific sequence of nucleotides to make smaller fragments

A

Restriction enzyme

27
Q

Which process by which DNA fragments are separated & analyzed

A

Gel electrophoresis

28
Q

Identifying DNA sequence enables researchers to

A

Study specific genes
Compare genes to organisms
Discover functions of genes

29
Q

What occurs during transformation

A

During transformation, a cell takes DNA from outside the cells. This external DNA becomes a component of cells DNA

30
Q

Two reasons why plasm is is useful for DNA for transfer

A
  • It has a DNA sequence that helps promote plasmid replication,ensuring that the foreign DNA will be replicant
  • It has a genetic marker
31
Q

Describe what occurs n a successful transformation of cells

A

The recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cells

32
Q

How do scientist know that plants & animals share the same basic mechanisms of gene expression

A

A gene for luciferase,an animal enzyme works perfectly in a plant

33
Q

What is transgenic organism

A

It is an organism that contains genes from other organisms

34
Q

Describe how to make a transgenic organism

A

Using basic techniques of genetic engineering, a gene from one organism can be inserted into cells from another organism

35
Q

Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of ____, a new industry that is changing the way we interact with the living world

A

Biotechnology

36
Q

Transgenic microorganisms

A

Transgenic bacteria produce human proteins cheaply & in great abundance
People w/ insulin-dependent diabetes are now treated w/ pure human insulin
In the future, transgenic organisms may produce the raw materials for plastics.

37
Q

List 4 ways in which transgenic animals have been used

A

To study genes
To improve the food supply
To study the effects of diseases on the human immune system
To produce human proteins

38
Q

Items that might soon be produced by transgenic plants

A
  • human antibodies
  • rot-resistant foods
  • plastics
  • vitamin A-enriched rice
39
Q

For years many scientists thought that it was impossible to clone bacteria . True or False

A

False

40
Q

All cloned animals are also transgenic. True or false

A

False

41
Q

What kinds of mammals have been cloned in recent years

A 
Sheep
Cow
Sheep
Mice
Other mammals

Biology (28 decks)

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