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Pharmaceutics Spring 2016 > Nuclear Pharmacy > Flashcards

Nuclear Pharmacy Flashcards

1
Q

Why is nuclear pharmacy specialized? (2)

A
  • deals with radioactive material

- radioactive material have a very short life span

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2
Q

_____ recognized nuclear pharmacy as a specialty practice in 1975

A

APhA

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3
Q

T/F In 1978 the Board of Pharmacy Specialities made nuclear pharmacy the SECOND specialty certification program

A

FALSE: FIRST

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4
Q

What 2 environments do nuclear pharmacists typically work?

A
  • institutional nuclear pharmacy (large medical center)

- commercial centralized pharmacy (off site)

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5
Q

Which environment is the most common for nuclear pharmacists to work in?

A

commercial centralized pharmacy

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6
Q

____ regulates nuclear pharmacy

A

NRC: Nuclear Regulatory Commission

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7
Q

What are the training requirements for nuclear pharmacy? (4)

A
  • registered pharmacist
  • board certified by BPS
  • Exam
  • 4000 hours training (classroom + practical training)
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8
Q

brachytherapy

A

placing radioactivity AT the site you are trying to destroy

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9
Q

T/F Brachytherapy is a NON-INVASIVE procedure

A

TRUE–> typically the theraseeds only have to be placed in the body ONCE

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10
Q

T/F If beta radiation is completed correctly, it is very localized

A

TRUE

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11
Q

Imaging uses _____ radiation

A

gamma (higher energy)–> travels long distances

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12
Q

Therapeutic radiation uses ________ radiation

A

beta (travels short distance)

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13
Q

Who has control in nuclear pharmacy? (3)

A
  • NRC
  • BOP
  • State BOP (state agency)
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14
Q

A nucleotide generator uses

A

99mTcO4 (6 hour half life)

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the fume hood in radoopharmaceuticals?

A

filters to trap radioactive gases

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16
Q

Why are the containers used during radiopharmaceutical preparation made out of lead?

A

Because it is releasing gamma radiation (LEAD can stop GAMMA radiation)

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17
Q

_____ is the RATIO of radioactivity of the RADIONUCLIDE to the TOTAL activity in the preparation

A

radionuclide purity

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18
Q

_____ is the PERCENTAGE of the RADIONUCLIDE present in a specific CHEMICAL form

A

radiochemical purity

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19
Q

radionuclides must be: (3)

A
  • sterile
  • pyrogen free
  • no particulate matter
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20
Q

Quality of assurance radionuclides is maintained by considering: (5)

A
  • sterility
  • pyrogenicity
  • absence of foreign particulate matter
  • particle size
  • pH
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21
Q

_____ is a radioactive pharmaceutical agent that is used for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures

A

radiopharmaceutical

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22
Q

For a product to be classified as a radio- pharmaceutical agent safe for human use, the preparer must:

A
  • satisfy a state agency (State BOP)
  • FDA
  • NRC
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23
Q

T/F The FDA and NRC responsibilities have overlapping jurisdictions

A

TRUE

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24
Q

What two areas are radoopharmaceuticals divided into?

A
  • diagnosis (well established)

- therapeutic (evolving)

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25
Q

The largest portion of radiopharmaceutical products have applications in what areas? (3)

A
  • cardiology (myocardial perfusion)
  • oncology (tumor imaging)
  • neurology (cerebral perfusion
26
Q

What do radiopharmaceutical consist of? (2)

A
  • drug component

- radioactive component

27
Q

Most radionuclide contain a component that emits ____ radiation

A

gamma (high energy; short wavelength)

28
Q

Substances that have varying numbers of protons and neutrons as compared to stable elements are called_____

A

radionuclides

29
Q

Nuclides can be ___ or _____

A

stable or unstable

30
Q

What is an important distinction between radiopharmaceuticals (RP) and traditional drugs?

A

radiopharmaceuticals lack pharmacologic activity

31
Q

What is an advantage of RP?

A

radioactivity allows non-invasive external monitoring or targeted therapeutic irradiation with very little effect on the biologic processes in the body

32
Q

T/F RP have very high adverse effects

A

FALSE; incidence are extremely low

33
Q

Systemic administration of radiopharma- ceuticals for site-specific use allows the phy- sician to treat ______

A

treat widely disseminated diseases

34
Q

Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals are designed for _________ and based solely upon _________ of the target organ even if the actual location of the cancerous tumor is unknown.

A

site specificity ;physiological function

35
Q

T/F ALL of the atoms of an unstable radionuclide completely rearrange at the same instant

A

FALSE: NOT ALL

36
Q

The time required for a radionuclide to decay to 50% of its original activity is termed its _________

A

radioactive half-life

37
Q

The activity of a radioactive material is expressed as…

A

the number of nuclear transformations per unit of time

38
Q

Because of decay, all radioactivity ______ with time because fewer atoms remain as the atoms decay

A

decreases

39
Q

The fraction of nuclei disintegrating with time is always ______

A

constant

40
Q

The _______ the decay constant the faster the decay and the ______ the half- life.

A

larger; shorter

41
Q

Half life is ______ proportional to the decay constant

A

inversely

42
Q

What is the fundamental unit of radioactivity?

A

Curie (Ci)

43
Q

The amount of radiation absorbed by body tissue in which a radioactive sub- stance resides is called______

A

radiation dose (measured in rad)

44
Q

___ is the international unit of absorbed dose

A

Gray (Gy)

45
Q

What are the 3 types of radiation decay?

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma
46
Q

_____ has the largest mass and charge radiation ( 2 protons and 2 neutrons)

A

alpha

47
Q

As an alpha particle loses energy, its velocity ______

A

decreases

48
Q

T/F Most alpha particles are unable to pierce the outer layers of skin or penetrate a thin piece of paper.

A

TRUE

49
Q

______ because the charge is large, it does cause a great deal of damage to the immedi- ate area by breaking down DNA.

A

alpha particles

50
Q

_____ may be either electrons with negative charge, negatrons, or positive electrons, posi- trons.

A

beta particles

51
Q

T/F Beta particles are be used for therapeutic us

A

TRUE

52
Q

Where do Auger electrons originate from?

A

the nucleus

53
Q

Auger electrons are similar to ____ particles

A

beta

54
Q

The optimum dose of a radiopharmaceutical is that which allows acquisition of the desired information with the ______ amount of radiation dose or exposure to the patient.

A

least

55
Q

Best diagnostic images at the lowest radiation dose are attained if the radionuclide has a ______ and emits only _____ radiation

A

short half-life; gamma

56
Q

It is commonly known as the “ideal” radionuclide for DIAGNOSTIC imaging.

A

99mTc

57
Q

For therapeutic use, radionuclides should emit ______, which deposits the radiation within the target organ

A

beta radiation

58
Q

____emits both beta and gamma, so it can used for diagnosis and therapeutic procedures

A

131I

59
Q

RP can be used: (4)

A
  • to diagnose disease
  • evaluate progression of disease
  • evaluate drug toxicity
  • treat diseased tissue
60
Q

Imaging procedures are classified as either ____ or _____

A

dynamic or static

61
Q

The ________ provides useful information through the rate of accumulation and
removal of the radiopharmaceutical from a specific organ

A

dynamic study

62
Q

A ________ merely provides perfusion and morphologic informa- tion, such as assessing adequacy of blood flow;

A

static study

Pharmaceutics Spring 2016 (20 decks)

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