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Clinical Pathology > Introduction to parasites > Flashcards

Introduction to parasites Flashcards

1
Q

define parasite

A

organism which lives on another and benefits by deriving nutrients at the others expense.

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2
Q

define host

A

organism which harbours the parasite

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3
Q

define symbiosis

A

Living together close, long term interaction between 2 different species.

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4
Q

define mutalism

A

association were both species benefit.

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5
Q

define parasitism

A

an association where the parasite derives benefit and the host gets nothing in return

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6
Q

define commensalism

A

an association in which the parasite only defining benefit without causing injury to the host.

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7
Q

what are 3 classes of host

A

definitive- sexual method of reproduction used
intermediate- asexual stages of parasite
paratenic-parasite remains without further development.

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8
Q

2 types of parasites

A

protazoa-micro

Helminths- macro, worms.

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9
Q

Types of protozoa

A
  • Giardia lamblia- GI
  • Cryptosporidum- GI
  • Entamboea- GI
  • Trypanosoma
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10
Q

Types of helminth

A

Cestode- taenia sp
Trematode- schistosoma
Intestinal nematode- Ascaris lumbricoides
Tissue nematode- Wuchereria bancrofti- lymphtic system disorder.

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11
Q

3 types of life cycle

A
  • Direct
  • Simple indirect
  • Complex indirect
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12
Q

what type of parasite is ascariasis

A

macroparasite- intestinal nematode.

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13
Q

Where is ascariasis spread

A

poor hygiene areas

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14
Q

what age group does ascariasis affect

A

3-8 year olds

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15
Q

life cycle of ascariasis

A
  • Worm in intestine lays eggs
  • Lost in faeces
  • Ingest eggs from contaminated food goes to intestines
  • Migrate via portal circulation into lungs.
  • Swallowed and passed back into the intestines- hatch and become worms.
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16
Q

2 phases of Ascariasis

A

Lung migration

Intestinal phase.

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17
Q

what is loefflers syndrome

A

part of the lung migration phase of ascariasis cycle.

dry cough, dyspnea, wheeze, haemoptysis. eosiniophillic pnemonititis.

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18
Q

how do you diagnose ascariasis

A

worm or eggs in stool, eggs at top and worms at bottom.

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19
Q

treatment for ascariasis

A

Albendazole, Benzimidazole

prevent glucose absorption by the worm.

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20
Q

what type of parasite is schistosomiasis

A

macroparasite- trematode.

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21
Q

what type of cancer can schistosomiasis cause

A

bladder cancer

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22
Q

What is the intermediate host of schistosomiasis.

A

snail

23
Q

Life cycle of schistosomiasis

A
  1. In faeces and urine- relase egges as male and femal mate on bowel or bladder.
  2. Eggs hatch releasing miracidia
  3. Miracidia penetrate snail tissue
  4. Sporocysts in snail (successive generations)
  5. Cercariae released by snail into water and free swimming
  6. Penetrate human skin
  7. Cercariae lose tails in penetrtuation and become schistosomulae
  8. Circulayte in portal blood where they mature.
  9. Migrate to liver and mature in adults.
24
Q

clinical problems related to schitosomiasis

A

swimmers itch- allergic reaction
Katayama fever- spreads into blood causing weight loss
chronic schistomosisasis

25
Q

which 2 systems does schistosomiasis affect

A

urinary- haematauria, bladder fibrosis and bladder cancer

Hepatic- portal hypertension and liver cirrhosis.

26
Q

How do you diagnose schistosomiasis

A

stool microscopy, rectal snip microscopy, serology

27
Q

treatment for schistomoiasis

A

praziquantel.- 3 times a day with food.

28
Q

What type of parasite is the hydatid parasite

A

macroparasite- cestode.

29
Q

what are the typical hosts of hydatid parasite

A

sheep, dog

30
Q

what is the accidental host of hydatid parasite

A

humans

31
Q

Life cycle of the hydatid parasite

A
  • Dog infected worm in intestines- release it in faeces
  • Ingest eggs in contaminated food by humans- go into intestines + liver forming cysts.
  • No worms/cysts are present in dogs as they need to eat the humans for this to occur.
  • Only way they can ingest the cysts is if they are present in sheep and they eat the sheep.
32
Q

clinical presentation of hydatid parasite

A

cysts- lungs and liver
secondary bacterial infection
cyst rupture- hypersensitivity, anaphylactic shock and death,

33
Q

How do you diagnose Hyatid disease- diagnosis

A

CT

serology

34
Q

What type of parasite is malaria.

A

• Micro-parasite (protozoa- sporozoan)

35
Q

what are the different types of schistosoma

A 
S. haematobium
S. mansoni
S. intercallatum
S. japonicum
S. mekongi
36
Q

What are 4 types of plasmodium species

A

P. falciparum- causes cerebral malaria most clinically significant and causes life threatening symptoms.
P. vivax- can remain dormant in livre cells unlike falciparum.
P. ovale- can remain dormant in livre cells unlike falciparum
P. malariae

37
Q

what is the vector in malaria

A

Anopheles mosquito.

38
Q

life cycle of malaria

A
  1. Mosquito infected with parasite
  2. Infects parasite into RBC
  3. Sporazoa enter the liver.
  4. Sporazoa mitosis occurs
  5. Liver cells erupt
  6. Asexual phase-self replicate
  7. Sexual phase- transmission occurs, infected mosquito due to having a blood meal of infected human and then it passes it on to other human when it had another blood meal.
39
Q

what condition does retiring traveller + fever indicate

A

malaria

40
Q

clinical features of malaria.

A

fever and rigors,cerebral malaria- confusion, headache coma, renal failure, hypoglycaemia, pulmonary odema, circulatory collapse, anaemia, blleding DIC

41
Q

how do we diagnose malaria.

A
  • Thick and Thin Microscopy
  • Serology- detection of antigen in blood
  • PCR- detection of malarial DNA
42
Q

treatment for malaria

A

antimalrial
Doxycycline
Mefloquine
Atovaquone plus proguanil

43
Q

what type of parasite is cryptosporidiosis

A

microparasite

Cryptosporidium parvum and hominis

44
Q

How is cyptosporisiodis spread

A

faecal oral route.
human to human
animal to human

45
Q

Life cycle of cryptosporidiosis

A
  • Direct life cycle
  • Humans pass oocytes in stools
  • Contaminate the water which we drink
  • Ingest oocytes.
46
Q

clinical features of cryptosporidiosis

A
  • Incubation 2-10 days (usually 7 days)
  • Watery diarrhoea with mucus (no blood)
  • Bloating, cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting
  • Usually self-limiting
47
Q

how do we diagnose syprosporidiosis

A

• Faeces sample:
1. Acid fast staining
Antigen detection by EIA

48
Q

Cyptosporidiosis treatment

A

symptomatic- rehydration and nitazoxanide
Immunocompromised- • Paromomycin (to kill parasite)
Nitazoxanide (effectiveness is unclear)
Octreotide (reduce cramps and frequency)
HIV patients, HAART should be quickly initiated

49
Q

how many eggs can an adult worm produce

A

20,000

50
Q

how to control levels of ascariasis

A

imporve sanitation, education, deworming.

51
Q

how to control levels of schitosomiasis

A
  • Chemical treatment to kill snail intermediate hosts
  • Chemoprophylaxis- not very effective.
  • Avoidance of snail infested waters
  • Community targeted treatment, education and improved sanitation
52
Q

How to control levels of hydratid

A
  • Regularly worm dogs to reduce egg production
  • Hand hygiene- not touching the dog and then eating.
  • Safe disposal of animal carcasses/products of conception- stops dog eating the cysts in the first place.
53
Q

How do we control levels of malaria

A
  • Larvivorous species e.g. fungi, frogs or bacteria introduced in to mosquito breeding areas.
  • Use of insecticide impregnated bed nets
  • Chemoprophylaxis
  • ??Vaccine??-
54
Q

how to control levels of cryptosporidiosis

A

Human-Human:
• Hand hygiene
• Filter or boil drinking water (cf. chlorination)
• Isolate symptomatic patients in healthcare setting
• Ensure symptomatic children are kept away from school
Animal-Human:
• Pasteurise milk and dairy products
• Boil or filter drinking water if camping

Clinical Pathology (45 decks)

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