Immunisation

Question 1

Why do me immunise

Answer 1

prevent individual disease
herd immunity
eradicate the disease

Question 2

what is herd immunity

Answer 2

indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not

Question 3

what are the 2 types of goals vaccination programs aim for

Answer 3

strategic

programmatic

Question 4

What are the non- specific defences of the the body

Answer 4

unbroken skin
mucous membrane of gut, lung
acid & enzymes of gut
non-specific metabolism / inactivation

Question 5

What is passive immunity

Answer 5

short lived immunity
e.g.antibiotic passed from the mother to baby
VSV given to pregnant women if she hasn’t had chickenpox

Question 6

What is active immunity

Answer 6

long lived immunity

when exposed to antigens antibodies are made.

Question 7

Is immune memory passive or active memory

Answer 7

active

Question 8

what are the 4 types of antibodies

Answer 8

IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA.

Question 9

Which antibody does the primary response cause a production of

Answer 9

IgM

Question 10

What antibody does re-exposure to an antigen cause the production of

Answer 10

IgG

Question 11

Which cells produce antibodies

Answer 11

B cells

Question 12

Which vaccines are examples of live strains

Answer 12

MMR, BCG, Yellow fever, Varicella

Act like the natural infection

Question 13

Which vaccines are examples of inactivated organisms

Answer 13

pertussis, typhoid, IPV

Question 14

Which vaccines contain components of organisms

Answer 14

influenza, pneumococcal

Question 15

Which vaccines have inactivated toxins

Answer 15

diphtheria, tetanus

Question 16

Advanatges of live vaccines

Answer 16

• Single dose often sufficient to induce long-lasting immunity
• Strong immune response evoked
• Local and systemic immunity produced

Question 17

disadvantage of live vaccine

Answer 17

• Potential to revert to virulence
• Contraindicated in immunosuppressed patients
• Interference by viruses or vaccines and passive antibody
• Poor stability
• Potential for contamination

Question 18

Advantage of inactivated disease

Answer 18

• Stable
• Constituents clearly defined
• Unable to cause the infection

Question 19

disadvantage of inactivated disease

Answer 19

• Need several doses
• Local reactions common
• Adjuvant needed
• keeps vaccine at injection site
• activates antigen presenting cells
• Shorter lasting immunity.

Question 20

Reactions to vaccines

Answer 20

• Local - pain, swelling or redness at injection site; small nodules may form at injection site
• General - fever, irritability, malaise, fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, loss of appetite

Question 21

does the frequency of reaction increase or decrease with the number of reactions

Answer 21

Freq of reactions decreases with no of doses - ab produced in response to live vaccine neutralises the small amount of vaccine virus in subsequent vaccine dose

Question 22

does the frequency of reaction increase or decrease with number of reactions

Answer 22

• Freq of reactions increases with no of doses - if ab levels are good from earlier vaccination, ab binds to the vaccine antigen in a subsequent dose leading to inflammatory response

Question 23

Within how many hours is a reaction to a vaccine likely if it a inactivated forms

Answer 23

48 hrs

Question 24

Within how many hours is a reaction to a vaccine likely if it activated forms

Answer 24

depends on the vaccine
MMR-
Measles-1st week
rubella- 2nd week
Mumps- 3-6th week

Question 25

Which new vaccines are available on the NHS programme

Answer 25

• Varicella/ Zostavax- given to old
• Menveo ( Conjugated MENINGO ACYW135 )- given to YR 12,13 ad freshers
• Men B - baby
• Rotavirus- baby
• Fluenz- preschool children