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Clinical Pathology > Autoimmune diseases > Flashcards

Autoimmune diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of autoimmune diseases.

A

1- organ specific

2-non-organ specific.

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2
Q

define autoimmunity

A

where the immune system attacks own tissue.

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3
Q

Autoimmune diseases are due to the effects of

A

1-Genes- genetically predispose you to a condition
2-Environment
3-Immune regulation- if it breakdown results in autoimmunity.

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4
Q

In which region of the human genome is most common susceptibility for autoimmune conditions.

A

HLA.

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5
Q

What is the role of MHC 1

A

detect foreign activity in all cells.

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6
Q

What is the role of MHC 2

A

Professional cells take up antigens from tissue and present to T cells.

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7
Q

Where are B cells produced

A

bone marrow

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8
Q

Where are T cell produced

A

thymus.

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9
Q

What is central tolerance

A

B cells and T cells acquire receptors and are tested against self antigens to see which ones react.

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10
Q

Where does central tolerance take place.

A

bone marrow and thymus

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11
Q

What is peripheral tolerance.

A

removing B and T cells from the peripheral blood which are not tolerant to self antigens.
T regulatory cells- help in this process.

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12
Q

Which T cells are involved in peripheral tolerance

A

T regulatory cells.

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13
Q

Causes of autoimmunity expect genetics

A
  • sex due to hormones (women greater than men)
  • Age-autoimmunity more common in elderly.
  • Sequestered antigens- antigens of body parts not in contact with immune system.
  • Environment.
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14
Q

How do auto reactive B cells cause autoimmunity

A

directly cytotoxic, activation of complement, interfere with normal physiological function

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15
Q

How do auto reactive T cells cause autoimmunity

A

directly cytotoixc, inflammatory cytokine production or activate B cells.

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16
Q

Other than genetic factors which lifestyle factor helps trigger rheumatoid arthritis.

A

smoking.

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17
Q

2 major types of autoimmune thyroid disease.

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Grave’s disease.

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18
Q

How does hashimotos cause thyroiditis and is it hyper to hypothyroidism

A

Antibodies destroy the thyroid follicles

This causes hypothyroidism.

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19
Q

How does grave’s cause autoimmune thyroid condition and is it hyper or hypothyroidism.

A

antibodies stimulate the thyroid

autoantibody mimics TSH

20
Q

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

weight loss, excessive sweating, hot even in cold weather, anxiety, lack of sleep, diahorrhea, puffy face, sparse eyebrows especially in the lateral 1/3

21
Q

symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

tierd, difficult concentrating., decline in memory, constipation, weight gain, cold in hot weather.

22
Q

What is myasthenia gravis

A

Autoantibody, which binds to Ach receptor in the synapse of the neuromuscular junction and inhibits functioning.
Often due to a tumour on the thymus so once removed symptoms resolve.

23
Q

What is pernicious anaemia.

A

unable to absorb b12 often due to autoantibodies binding intrinsic factor and therefore B12 cannot bind you intrinsic factor it cannot be absorbed.
Treatment is B12 injections
Macrocytic anaemia.

24
Q

What is the name given to non organ specific connective tissue diseases

A

connective tissue diseases.

25
Q

How is systemic lupus caused?

A

Antinuclear antibodies.
nuclei are usually sequestered antigen.
defect in apoptosis results in nuclei being exposed and autoantibodies forming.

26
Q

symptoms and signs of SLE

A 
Photosensitive Malar Rash- leaves nasal avail fold.
Multiple mouth ulcers
Arthralgia- pain in joints.
Alopecia
sharp chest pain (pleural effusion)
27
Q

How does exposure to sun affect SLE and normal people differently

A

Sunlight causes cell death- undergo apoptosis and nuclei antigens come to the cell surface, in normal person no effect just get sunburnt in SLE person due to ANA rash is caused

28
Q

What organs can SLE involve that makes it a multi organ condition

A

Kidney: lupus nephritis
Immune complexes deposit, causing complement activation and inflammation, the glomerulus leaks causing renal function loss, scarring and irreversible renal failure.

Lung: Pleurisy / Pleural Effusion
Brain: Cerebral Lupus, seizures, strokes etc.

29
Q

What is the test for SLE diagnosis

A

Antinuclear antibodies

30
Q

What is the treatment for SLE

A

immunosuppression

31
Q

What type of antibodies are found in vasculitis

A

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (falsely activate neutrophils)

32
Q

How do Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies cause vasculitis.

A

Neutrophils are falsely activated and leave blood into tissue to fight no infection
Inflammation is around the blood vessel this is why you don’t get blood flow and purpaae.

33
Q

3 types of vasculitis

A
  • Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA)
  • Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)
  • Eosinophilic Granulomatosus with Polyangiitis (EGPA)
34
Q

define polyanagitis

A

inflammation of blood vessels anywhere.

35
Q

define granuloma

A

mass of inflamed tissue.

36
Q

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis can cause destructive lesions on

A
  • Nose
  • Sinuses
  • Trachea
  • Lung
  • Orbits
37
Q

Signs and symptoms of vasculitis.

A

all have polyangitis

some have granulomas- destructive masses of chronic inflammatory tissue often in upper airway or lung but can cavitate.

38
Q

How do you diagnose vasculitis

A

• Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA)

39
Q

What is the treatment for vasculitis

A

immunosuppression

40
Q

What causes scleroderma

A

• Anti-Nuclear Antibodies

41
Q

Primary phenomenon in scleroderma

A

Raynaurds- fingers go white.

more common in women and runs through families.

42
Q

What is scleroderma

A

Autoimmunity leads to ischaemia and fibrosis

43
Q

Signs and symptoms of scleroderma

A
  • Digital ulcers due to tightening and ischaemia
  • Lung fibrosis- honey comb appearance on CT
  • Skin fibrosis and tightening.
44
Q

what organs can be involved in scleroderma

A

• Fibrosis may also affect lungs, gut, kidneys

45
Q

What is the treatment for scleroderma

A

immunosuppression

Clinical Pathology (45 decks)

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