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Clinical Pathology > Introduction to haematology > Flashcards

Introduction to haematology Flashcards

1
Q

define haematology

A

biology and pathology of the cells that normally circulate in the blood.

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2
Q

define haemopoeisis

A

physiological developmental process that gives rise to cellular components of blood.

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3
Q

key properties of a haemopoietic cell.

A

differentiation into all cell lineages
highly proliferative
self renewal

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4
Q

define symmetric self renewal

A

stem cell divides into 2 stem cells

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5
Q

define asymmetric self renewal

A

stem cell divides into 1 stem cell and 1 progenitor cell.

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6
Q

deine lack of self renewal

A

stem cell divided into 2 progenitor cells

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7
Q

define lack of renewal

A

maintain stem cell pool with no diffrentiation.

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8
Q

2 lineages of blood cells

A

myeloid

lymphoid

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9
Q

what types of cells does the myeloid lineage have

A

WBC, RBC, platelets.

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10
Q

what type of cells does the lymphoid lineage have.

A

B and T lymphocytes.

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11
Q

what is the difference between a multi potential and pluripotential stem cell.

A

multi potential stem cells can divide into any time of blood cell..
pluripotential stem cells- are dedicated to either the myeloid and lymphoid lineage but within tho can differentiate into any other cell.

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12
Q

where does haemopoiesis originate

A

morula- RBC in yolk sac

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13
Q

which region does haemopoiessis start and what day of foetal development

A

27 days- aorta-gonad mesonephros region.

35-40 days- expand rapidly and then disappear

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14
Q

Inside which organ does haemopoiesis start.

A

in the liver

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15
Q

what are the functions of a blood cell

A

oxygen transportation
coagulation
immune response to infection and abnormal cells.

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16
Q

what shape are RBC

A

donut, biconcave shape.

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17
Q

what is the life span of a RBC

A

120 days

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18
Q

what terms are used to describe reduced and increased RBC

A

reduce= anaemia

raised RBC=polycythaemia.

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19
Q

what is the function of WBC

A

immunity and host defence,

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils.

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21
Q

what is the most common WBC

A

neutrophils

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22
Q

what is the lifespan of neutrophils

A

6-8 hrs.

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23
Q

what is increased and decreased neutrophil levels called

A

increased-neutrophillia.

decreased- neutropenia.

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24
Q

what do eosinophils react to

A

parasitic infections and alleges

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25
Q

what do neutrophils react to

A

bacterial infection and inflammation.

26
Q

what is an increased level of basophils known as, and in which blood cancer does this occur in.

A

basophillia -Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia

27
Q

Function of monocytes

A

phagocytic and antigen presenting cells.

28
Q

once monocytes reach tissue they are known as

A

macrophages or histiocytes.

29
Q

what is increased number of monocytes known as, and in which condition does this happen

A

monocytosis.

TB

30
Q

what are monocytes in the liver called

A

e.g. Kupffer cells in liver

31
Q

what are monocytes in the skin called

A

e.g. Langerhans cells in skin

32
Q

are killer cells part of the innate or adaptive immune system.

A

innate.

33
Q

Are B lymphocytes humoral or cellular

A

humoral.

34
Q

Are T lymphocytes humoral or cellular

A

cellular

35
Q

what cells do T cells interact with

A

B cells. and macrophages

36
Q

what is an increase and decreased number of lymphocytes called, and when do these conditions occur.

A

increased- lymphocytosis (glandular fever, chronic lymphatic leukaemia)
decreased-lymphopenia (post bone marrow transplant)

37
Q

3 types of lymphocytes

A

B, T cells and natural killer cells.

38
Q

what is an increased number of plasma cells known as, and when does this occur.

A

plasmacytosis- infections and myeloma.

39
Q

where and what cell are platelets derived from

A

bone marrow megakaryocytes.

40
Q

what important process are platelets involve in

A

clotting.

41
Q

what is the normal platelet measure in the body

A

200 x109/litre

42
Q

what is the normal RBC count in the body

A

10x109 per litre

43
Q

what are the 3 important diagnostic tests for blood related problems

A

FBC, blood film, coagulation screen.

44
Q

what is shown on a FBC

A 
Hb concentration
Red cell parameters
MCV (mean cell volume)
MCH (mean cell Hb)
White cell count (WCC)
Platelet count (WCC)
45
Q

What is the name of the biopsy taken when obtaining bone marrow transplant

A

trephine

46
Q

why might test results vary.

A 
–	Technical failure 
e.g. clotted sample, e.g. variation in reagents
–	Normal
Intra-individual
–	e.g. diurnal variation of cortisol levels
Inter-individual
–	e.g platelet count
Abnormal- what is classed as normal.
47
Q

define reference range

A

the set of values for a given test that incorporates 95% of the normal population

48
Q

define sensitivity

TP/ (TP+FN)

A

defined as the proportion of abnormal results correctly classified by the test

49
Q

define specificity

TN/ (TN+FP)

A

defined as the proportion of normal results correctly classified by the test

50
Q

3 Classification of anaemia

A

microcytic hypochromic
normocytic hypochromic
macrocytic hypochromic

51
Q

define microcytic hypchromic anaemia

A

small MCV and less pigment Hb low, MCH low

52
Q

what causes microcytic hypchromic anaemia

A 
iron deficiency
thalassaemia
anaemia of chronic disease
lead poisoning
sideroblastic anaemia.
53
Q

what are the MCV and MCH to be classed as microcytic anaemina.

A

MCV

54
Q

define normocytic normochromic anaemia

A

RBC normal in size, MCV/MCH norml, Hb is low

55
Q

what causes normocytic normochromic anaemia

don’t have enough RBC

A 
haemolytic anaemias
anaemia of chronic disease
after acute blood loss
renal disease
mixed deficiencies
bone marrow failure (post chemotherapy, infiltration and carcinoma)
56
Q

what are the MCV and MCH to be classed as normocytic normochromic anaemia

A

MCV 80-95 fl & MCH ≥ 27 pg

57
Q

define macrocytic anaemia

A

RBC large, increased MCV

58
Q

what is the communists cause of macrocytic anaemiaa

A

alcohol abuse.

59
Q

what is the MCV to be classes as macrocytic anaemia

A

MCV >95 fl

60
Q

what are the causes of macrocytic anaemias

A

Megaloblastic: Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency

Non-megaloblastic: alcohol, liver disease, myelodysplasia, aplastic anaemia etc

61
Q

what do the cells look like on a film in iron deficiency anaemia

A

Small, pale red cells (low MCV and MCH),
Variable size & shape.
Pencil like cells.

Clinical Pathology (45 decks)

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