Non-lung cancer thoracic surgery

Question 1

what is a septic embolism

Answer 1

infected blood clot

Question 2

what is the definition of a empyema

Answer 2

pus in the pleural cavity

Question 3

what can be indicative of an abscess

Answer 3

high temperature

Question 4

what can lead to an empyema

Answer 4

an abscess that bursts/spreads or following surgery.

bacterial infection

Question 5

what is the most common cause of an empyema

Answer 5

bacterial infection

Question 6

what is a pleurectomy

Answer 6

Pleurectomy is a type of surgery in which part of the pleura is removed. This procedure helps to prevent fluid from collecting in the affected area and is used for the treatment of mesothelioma, a pleural mesothelial cancer.

Question 7

what is decortication

Answer 7

Decortication is a medical procedure involving the surgical removal of the surface layer, membrane, or fibrous cover of an organ. The procedure is usually performed when the lung is covered by a thick, inelastic pleural peel restricting lung expansion.

Question 8

Trapped lung is due to fibrous visceral pleural thickening from a chronic inflammatory process that prevents lung reexpansion. The noncompliant lung separates from the parietal pleura, and this space fills with fluid, with resultant hydropneumothorax. Drainage of the pleural fluid leads to pneumothorax ex vacuo because the lung cannot reexpand to fill the chest cavity. Once other causes of pneumothorax ex vacuo, such as endobronchial obstruction, are excluded, the management of trapped lung is surgical, with removal of the fibrosed visceral pleura to allow for the expansion of the underlying lung

Answer 8

Trapped lung is due to fibrous visceral pleural thickening from a chronic inflammatory process that prevents lung reexpansion. The noncompliant lung separates from the parietal pleura, and this space fills with fluid, with resultant hydropneumothorax. Drainage of the pleural fluid leads to pneumothorax ex vacuo because the lung cannot reexpand to fill the chest cavity. Once other causes of pneumothorax ex vacuo, such as endobronchial obstruction, are excluded, the management of trapped lung is surgical, with removal of the fibrosed visceral pleura to allow for the expansion of the underlying lung

Question 9

what is a thymoma

Answer 9

a rare, usually benign tumour arising from thymus tissue

Question 10

what is a Thymolipoma

Answer 10

Thymolipoma is a rare, benign anterior mediastinal mass of thymic origin, containing both thymic and mature adipose tissue

Question 11

what is a thymic carcinoma

Answer 11

malignant tumour of the thymus gland, cells look different from the normal cells of the thymus grow quickly and can spread

Question 12

what are carcinoma tumours

Answer 12

tumours are a type of neuroendocrine tumour that can occur in a number of locations. Carcinoid tumours arise from endocrine amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells that can be found throughout the gastrointestinal tract as well as other organs (e.g. lung). In general they are slow growing tumours but are nevertheless capable of metastasis.

Question 13

what tracheal tumours can occur in a patient

Answer 13

salivary gland tumours

squamous carcinoma

Question 14

what are the types of benign lung tumours (6)

Answer 14

Hamartoma
Fibroma
Lipoma
Neural tumours
Papillomas
Chondroma

Question 15

what is the definition of a hamartoma

Answer 15

a tumour forms at an organ/tissue with cells from that organ or tissue (usually born with a hamartoma )

Question 16

what is a teratoma

Answer 16

teratoma can be considered in contrast to a hamartoma, a tumour forms at an organ/tissue contain cells that are not usually found at that organ/tissue

Question 17

carcinoid tumours are malignant however sometimes they are classed as benign why

Answer 17

as they are usually associated with a good prognosis

Question 18

what is a papilloma of the lung

Answer 18

benign lung tumor is called a papilloma. It grows in the bronchial tubes, sticking out from the surface area where it is attached

Question 19

what is a pulmonary chondroma

Answer 19

Pulmonary chondromas are rare, benign cartilaginous tumours of the lungs, and form part of the Carney triad although they can also arise sporadically.

Question 20

what is the Carney triad

Answer 20

The Carney triad (not to be confused with the Carney complex) is a rare syndrome defined by the coexistence of three tumours:

Question 21

what is an open pneumothorax

Answer 21

where part of the chest wall has been ripped off and the lung is exposed to the outer atmosphere

Question 22

what is a tension pneumothorax

Answer 22

occurs when intrapleural air accumulates progressively in such a way as to exert positive pressure on mediastinal and intrathoracic structures

Question 23

what is a primary pneumothorax

Answer 23

A primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) is a pneumothorax that occurs without a precipitating event in a person

Question 24

what is a secondary pneumothorax

Answer 24

A secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) is defined as a pneumothorax that occurs as a complication of underlying lung disease

Question 25

what is bullous lung disease

Answer 25

The term bullous disease of the lungs indicates the presence of bullae, which are abnormal airspaces resulting from the destruction of normal airspace wall tissue and are best described as thin walled air sacs under tension

Question 26

what is a pleurodesis

Answer 26

a procedure that adheres the outside of the lung to the inside of the chest cavity to prevent the lung from collapsing again. If you have a persistent leak and/or have had a pneumothorax previously, your doctor may ask you to consider pleurodesis as a preventative measure.

Question 27

what is a pleurectomy

Answer 27

A pleurectomy involves removing the lining between the lung and the chest wall. This causes the surface of the lung to stick to the chest wall, preventing further collapse.

Question 28

what are the possible surgical options to treat a pneumothorax

Answer 28

Pleurodesis

Pleurectomy

Question 29

what is a Bronchogenic cyst

Answer 29

Bronchogenic cysts are congenital malformations of the bronchial tree (type of bronchopulmonary foregut malformation). They can present as a mediastinal mass that may enlarge and cause local compression