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pep part1 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Which enzyme helps the using up of stored ATP?

A

ATPase

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2
Q

Is energy produced when breaking down ATP to ADP? What is it used for?

A

Yes, used to power all forms of biologic work

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3
Q

In the presence of _____, phosphocreatine will create ATP.

A

ADP

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4
Q

Where did the ADP come from to help phosphocreatine?

A

From the breaking down of ATP. (1st equation)

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5
Q

Which enzyme helps PCr and ADP to form ATP?

A

creatine phosphate kinase

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6
Q

Which enzyme aids in the equation involving ADP + ADP?

A

Adenylate kinase

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7
Q

Which of the three equations is the one that makes energy used for biologic work?

A

1st equation of stored ATP

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8
Q

Which enzyme speeds up the reaction of glucose by charging it with a high energy phosphate bond and turning it into G6P?

A

Hexokinase

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9
Q

Where did the addition phosphase bond come from that charges the glucose?

A

It came from using stored ATP and breaking it down to ADP.

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10
Q

Glucose then changes form. What does it become and with which enzyme?

A

It becomes a fructose molecule (F6P), with the help of glucose-phosphate isomerase.

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11
Q

F6P is powered up again, how?

A

By ATP breaking down to ADP.

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12
Q

After F6P is powered up again, it forms what?

A

F 1,6 diphosphate.

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13
Q

Which enzyme speeds up the rate of reaction of F6P to F1,6diphosphate?

A

phosphofructrokinase

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14
Q

Why is PFK a rate limiting enzyme?

A

If you don’t have it maximally activated, then the process of glycolysis will stop there.

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15
Q

What will activate PFK?

A

ADP will activate it, so will phosphate, (so will ATP but its last resort).

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16
Q

F 1,6 diP breaks down to which 2 things?

A

Breaks down to 2 3-phosphoglyceraldehydes.

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17
Q

What happens to the 2 3-phosphoglyceraldehydes?

A

They both turn into pyruvate, then lactate.

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18
Q

What will get the excess hydrogens to use to take to pyruvate and then make lactic acid?

A

NAD+

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19
Q

As you move from pyruvate to lactate, the hydrogens from NADH + H+ will go to the lactate by which enzyme?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

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20
Q

A low pH will ________ (increase/decrease) PFK activity.

A

Decrease

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21
Q

If you have decreased PFK activity, what does this cause?

A

Decrease glycolysis and decrease ATP production, which increases fatigue!

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22
Q

Explain how pyruvate becomes lactate by NAD+.

A

NAD+ breaks down to NADH + H, which allows pyruvate to add 2 hydrogens to it in order to become lactate.

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23
Q

What percentage of VO2 max in an untrained individual happens with increased lactate?

A

55%-60% VO2max.

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24
Q

Is NAD+ rate limiting?

A

YES

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25
Q

At 90% VO2 max, there is ______ (more/less) hydrogen in the cytosol. Cell pH will (decrease/increase).

A

More, decrease

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26
Q

At 90% VO2 max, what will be the NAD+ levels?

A

Will not change. Fixed amount, rate limiting.

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27
Q

Explain what happens at 90% VO2 max to lactate production.

A
  • Since there’s more H available, you will max out NAD+ rapidly.
  • This will cause a rapid increase in lactate production.
  • Much more H+ in the cytosol still left over afterwards, causing the pH of the cell to drop (meaning cell function is inhibited).
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28
Q

What happens when PFK is in an area of low pH?

A

When it is in an acid environment, its activity starts to decline. All the glycogen and glucose will be broken down to a point in glycolysis and then it wont go through the point where the enzyme is needed. It will come to a halt. You’re not producing any additional ATP at this time. Elevated lactate levels, fatigue happens.

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29
Q

What happens if you are untrained and incapable of doing the 90%VO2 max… what is your body doing?

A

Do no bring in the necessary fats in to breakdown, instead they solely use them as carbs.

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30
Q

At 25% VO2 max, are you using very high or very low glucose?

A

Very low

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31
Q

At 25% VO2 max, hydrogen concentration is ______(small/large).

A

Hydrogen concentration is small.

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32
Q

At 25% VO2 max is lactate being formed? Explain.

A

No. Because the lactate theshold is 55-60%

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33
Q

Where does NADH + H go once formed from NAD+ at 25% VO2 max?

A

NADH + H ends up going down into the mitochondria, there it lets go of its hydrogens to generate the ETC to make ATP.

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34
Q

What is the threshold for lactate production for a TRAINED athlete?

A

75%

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35
Q

Are trained athletes more dependant on fats, carbs or proteins?

A

On fats.

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36
Q

How can you increase PFK?

A

With training

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37
Q

Explain the cori cycle.

A

In the skeletal muscle, glucose, turns into pyruvate which forms lactate that goes into the circulation and into liver. From the liver, it goes back to pyruvate, and back to glucose, to then be put back into the circulation and back into skeletal muscle.

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38
Q

What is the cori cycle good for?

A

Helps keep blood glucose levels constant while you’re exercising.

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39
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis happen?

A

In liver

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40
Q

Which are the 2 gluconeogenic precursors?

A

Alanine and glycerol

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41
Q

Alanine is a ____carbon structure. with a NH2 group.

A

3

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42
Q

Alanine can turn into what?

A

Pyruate

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43
Q

Where can you get new glucose from basically (3)?

A

Alanine, glycerol, and lactate.

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44
Q

Can you survive solely on those 3 in order to maintain exercise?

A

No, you need to have other carb sources for liver and muscle.

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45
Q

Which have a bigger diameter: fast twitch or slow twitch fibers?

A

Fast twitch

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46
Q

Which fatigue faster and why: fast twitch or slow twitch fibers?

A

Fast twitch because a lot of lactate is forming within fast twitch.

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47
Q

Which fibers are anaerobic and which are aerobic?

A

Ana = fast, aerobic = slow

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48
Q

Which fibers are good for endurance?

A

Slow

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49
Q

Which fibers are good for short bursts?

A

Fast

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50
Q

Explain the lactate shuttle.

A

Pyruvate turns into lactate in the fast twitch fiber and then goes next door to slow twitch fiber to for pyruvate, go to the kreb’c cycle and then ETC to form ATP.

51
Q

At >55% VO2 max, you are using ________ of your fast twitch fibers for contraction.

A

75-90%

52
Q

Will the adjacent fibers get lactate as well?

A

Yes

53
Q

Why dont slow twitch fibers give their lactate to fast twitch?

A

Because fast twitch generally form a lot of lactate.

54
Q

Can the heart take up lactate?

A

Yes

55
Q

What else can the heart take up to use as ATP, other than lactate?

A

FFA and TG and the ketones and a.a.

56
Q

When does the heart use lactate as energy as opposed to FFA and TG?1

A

When the heart is sick, like during a heart attack.

57
Q

What can turn into acetyl coA?

A

Carbs, a.a. and FFA.

58
Q

What do FAD and NAD+ do?

A

Serve to mop all of the hydrogens and bind them.

59
Q

Whats the difference between GTP and ATP?

A

GTP = guanine instead of alanine.

60
Q

What is pryuvate like for diabetics?

A

Less pyruvate so less glucose hence slower kreb’s cycle.

61
Q

What do cytochromes do?

A

Take the pairs of electrons and pass them down to each other.

62
Q

Where do the pairs of electrons come from?

A

NAD

63
Q

How many ATP are formed for 1 NADH?

A

3

64
Q

How many NADH are formed by the kreb’s cycle?

A

3

65
Q

So how many ATPs are formed thanks to NADH in one cycle of KC?

A

9

66
Q

How much ATP is being formed for one FADH2?

A

2

67
Q

Just based on NADH and FADH2, how many ATPS are formed in one cycle of the KC?

A

11

68
Q

How many ATPs does one GTP make?

A

1

69
Q

What needs to be present in adequate amounts in order for ETC to work?

A

oxygen.

70
Q

What needs to be present in adequate amounts in order for KC to work?

A

NAD+

71
Q

If ETC fails, can KC still function?

A

No

72
Q

The more oxygen you give to the mitochondria, the ______ (more/less) energy ATP you can make.

A

more

73
Q

How does aerobic training affect ETC?

A

1) SIZE: increases the size of mitochondria, so a greater ETC capacity (more cytochromes) and greater amounts of substrate going through the Krebs’s cycle, more rate-limiting enzymes, more everything! 2) NUMBER: You will have new protein synthesis, because more mitochondrias as well. Greater blood flow to new skeletal fibers.

74
Q

What is the only thing that wouldn’t change with improved aerobic training?

A

Oxygen content. BUT you will be able to accept it better.

75
Q

Aerobic training improves your tissues…. not the way you…….

A

accept oxygen.

76
Q

18C FFA gives you how many units of ATP?

A

147

77
Q

Saturated is a ______ bond.

A

single

78
Q

Unsaturated is _________ bond.

A

2 or more

79
Q

What cleaves the x-number of Carbon FFA?

A

Beta-oxidation

80
Q

What happens as soon as beta-oxidation cleaves a C-C bond?

A

coA thats flowing around in the mitochondria, binds to the C-C, making acetyl coA. Then used for the KC!

81
Q

For every pairing of C-C, whats being let go…?

A

NADH and FADH2

82
Q

What does the ETC form (equation)?

A

2H + 1/2 O2 = H20

83
Q

How much ATP is formed from a 3C unit of glycerol?

A

19 ATPs

84
Q

One C-C forms how many ATPs from NADH and from FADH2 and why?

A

3 ATPs from NADH. 2 ATPS from FADH2. Because of ETC.

85
Q

How many ATPs per beta oxidation reaction?

A

5

86
Q

Once you calculate your gorss value of ATPs for the KC and beta-oxidation, what do you have to substract?

A

1 ATP

87
Q

What are the 2 causes of high rate of fat metabolism?

A

High fat diet and low carb diet.

88
Q

High rate of fat metabolism causes extreme ______(increase/decrease) of acetyl CoA.

A

Increase

89
Q

Explain the problem with high fat diet in relation to high rate of fat metabolism.

A

high FA causing excess acetyl coa, so pyruvate doesn’t want to convert into acetyl coA anymore because there’s already a lot, so pyruvate just stays there or goes somewhere else

90
Q

Explain the problem with low carb diet in relation to high rate of fat metabolism.

A

pyruvate will be decreased, this causes less oxaloacetate to be formed, and will be an excess of acetylCoA now… cycle begins to shut down, 2 acetyl CoAs will bind together forming a ketone

91
Q

Where are ketones primarily formed?

A

In liver

92
Q

High ketone production means theres _______ pH levels and ________ H+. (increase/decrease)

A

Decreased, increased

93
Q

Why are ketones bad?

A

Brain pH will drop, brain function will be low and chance of coma.

94
Q

Ketone (acetoacetic acid) can be broken down into which 2 things?

A

Acetone AND/OR beta-hydroxybutyric.

95
Q

Can CHO turn into both fats and a.a.?

A

Yes

96
Q

Can a.a turn into both CHO and fats?

A

Yes

97
Q

Can fats turn into both CHO and fats?

A

No, it cannot make CHO!!!!

98
Q

How do fats make a.a.?

A

Add NH2.

99
Q

ATP stands for what?

A

Adenoside triphosphate

100
Q

ATP gets energy from what… .. awks Q

A

Energy from macronutrient oxidizatoin is harvested and funneled through the energy compound ATP

101
Q

Adenosine is formed how?

A

Adenine and ribose

102
Q

ADP stands for what

A

Adenosine diphosphate

103
Q

ATP -> ADP done by which enzyme?

A

ATPase

104
Q

Does ATP need oxygen to split?

A

no

105
Q

Cells contain (small/large) amounts of ATP

A

small

106
Q

Body stores how much ATP at any time (grams)?

A

80-100g

107
Q

Major sources for maintaining ATP resynthesis

A

Fat and glycogen, or PCr

108
Q

PCr(PHOSPHOCREATINE) and ADP form ATP by which enzyme?

A

creatine kinase

109
Q

The energy from splitting PCr does what?

A

Rebonds ADP and Pi to form ATP.

110
Q

Which is stored more in the body: PCr or ATP?

A

PCr

111
Q

ADP phosphorylase

A

-

112
Q

Adenylate kinase reaction does what?

A

2 ADPs —-> ATP + AMP.

Enzyme that helps another reaction for ATP regeneration.

113
Q

Satisfying the following three conditions causes hydrogen and electrons to shuttle uninterrupted down the respiratory chain to oxygen during energy metabolism.

A

availability of NADH
Presence of oxygen
Sufficient concentration of enzymes and mitochondria.

114
Q

2 end products of glycolysis.

A

Pyruvate and lactate.

115
Q

Does glycolysis need oxygen?

A

no

116
Q

Fast twitch contains large quantities of which enzyme?

A

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

117
Q

Term for glycogen breakdown

A

Glycogenolysis

118
Q

Term for glycogen synthesis

A

glycogenesis

119
Q

Three factors that regulate glycolysis.

A

1) oxygen
2) concentrations of key enzymes
3) Levels of the substrate fructose 1,6-diphosphate

120
Q

ETC is the __________ of hydrogen atoms.

A

oxidation

121
Q

triacylglycerol breakdown happens by adding what?

A

water

122
Q

During intense exercise, when hydrogen oxidation fails to keep pace, what will pyruvate do?

A

Pyruvate will temporarily bind to hydrogen to form lactate.

123
Q

What exerts the greatest effect on the rate-limiting enzymes that control energy metabolism?

A

Cellular ADP

pep part1 (10 decks)

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