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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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2
Q

4 types of tissues

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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3
Q

Epithelial tissue

  • 2 functions
  • 4 characteristics
  • how does intracellular juntions help and what does it allow for
  • 3 cell shapes
  • number of layers
A
  • Protection: covers and line the body; forms glands
  • cellularity, avascularity, regeneration, polarity
  • it helps to keep epithelia tightly packed and allows for communication b/n cells
  • squamous, cubodial, columnar
  • stratified and simple
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4
Q

glands

A

structures that produce fluids secretions

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5
Q

Cellularity

A

cells are closely packed together

-very little extracellular material

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6
Q

Avascularity

  • definition
  • how do they obtain nutrients
A
  • Lack blood vessels

- obtain nutrients by diffusion or absorption

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7
Q

Regeneration

A
  • Able to undergo mitosis

- growth rates are higher than many other cells in the body

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8
Q

Polarity

A

Has 2 surfaces

  1. Exposed - apical
  2. Attached - basal
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9
Q

Simple epithelium

  • how many layers
  • durable or fragile
  • location
A
  • 1 layer
  • fragile because they are thin
  • inside of the body
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10
Q

Stratified epithelium

  • how many layers
  • durable or fragile
A
  • many layers

- durable because they can handle mechanical and chemical stress

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11
Q

Pseudostratified

  • what do the nuclei look like
  • each cell is attached to what
  • is it stratified
  • location
A
  • looks like they are in layers
  • basement membrane
  • not stratified
  • respiratory tract
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12
Q

Simple squamous

  • structure
  • properties
  • function
  • 3 locations
A
  • single layer of flat cells
  • thin
  • adapted for diffusion
  • alveoli, blood vessels, mesothelium (lines ventral body cavity)
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13
Q

Stratified squamous

  • structure
  • function
  • 3 locations
A
  • many layers of cells (basal layer-cubodial; surface layer-flat)
  • protection:can handle mechanical and chemical stress
  • surface of skin; lining of mouth, esophagus and anus; keratinized (not alive) vs non-keratinized
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14
Q

Simple cubodial

  • structure
  • function
  • 3 locations
A
  • single layer of cube-shaped cells
  • secretion and absorption
  • glands and ducts; portions of kidney tubules; thyroid gland
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15
Q

Stratified cubodial

  • structure
  • function
  • 3 locations
A
  • very rare, look like circles
  • secretion and absorption
  • lining of some ducts in sweat; mammary glands
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16
Q

Transitional epithelia

  • structure
  • properties
  • function
  • location
A
  • stratified: cube-like cells when organ is relaxed; flat cells when organ is distended
  • cells can change shape; is able to extend
  • good when volumes need to change
  • urinary bladder
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17
Q

Simple columnar

  • structure
  • function
  • 3 locations
A
  • Single layer of columnar cells
  • secretion and absorption
  • small and large intestine and stomach
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18
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

  • structure
  • function
  • 3 locations
A
  • all cells sit on basement membrane even though it looks like multiple layers
  • protection and secretion; contains goblet cells and cilia
  • respiratory tract
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19
Q

Connective tissue

  • definition
  • 5 functions
A
  • connect epithelial tissues to rest of body
    1. Form structural framework for body
    2. Transport fluids
    3. Protection of organs
    4. Interconnecting other types of tissue
    5. Energy reserve
20
Q

3 characteristics of connective tissue

A
  1. Cells are widely spread out
  2. vascular (many blood vessels)
  3. Very diverse composition of matrix (hard (bone) to liquid (blood))
21
Q

connective tissue is composed of 3 things

A
  1. cells (macrophages, adipocytes, mesechymal cells, melanocytes, mast cells and fibroblasts)
  2. fiber (collagen, elastic and reticular)
  3. ground substance
22
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytes

23
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat cells

24
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Act as stem cells to replenish tissue

25
Q

Melanocytes

A

Pigment producing cells

26
Q

Mast cells

A

Produce heparin and histomines (immune function-anti inflammatory)

27
Q

Fibroblasts

A

produces fiber

28
Q

Collagen fibers

A

long, straight and unbranched (most common)

29
Q

Elastic fibers

A

branched and wavy - can be stretched

30
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Fine collagen fibers that form a branching interwoven framework

31
Q

Ground substance

A
  • fluid ranges from viscous to solid
  • Fills spaces b/n cells and surrounds CT fibers
  • Produced by CT cells
32
Q

3 types of connective tissue

A
  1. connective tissue proper
  2. fluid connective tissue
  3. Supporting connective tissue
33
Q

Connective tissue proper

-2 types

A
  1. loose (occupies space around organs, packing material, viscous matrix, few fibers)
  2. Dense (lots of fibers, less matrix)
34
Q

Fluid Connective tissue

  • 2 types
  • matrix
A
  1. blood
  2. lymph
    - aqueous solution
35
Q

Supporting connective tissue

A
  1. bone (solid matrix)

2. cartilage (semi-solid matrix)

36
Q

representative connective tissue

-5 types

A
  1. Areolar
  2. adipose tissue
  3. reticular tissue
  4. dense regular
  5. desnse irregular
37
Q

areolar (loose)

  • Structure
  • function
  • location
A
  • loose array of several kinds of cells, primarily elastic and collagen fibers, semifluid matrix
  • least specialized
  • b/n skin and deeper structures
38
Q

Adipose tissue

  • Structure
  • 4 functions
  • 5 locations
A
  • fat cells have a “signet ring” shape, little cytoplasm, large fat droplet
    1. provides padding
      1. Shock absorber
      2. insulates
      3. stores energy
  • Deep to skin, butt, breasts, around eyes, around other organs
39
Q

Reticular tissue

  • Structure
  • function
  • what is it sometimes referred to as
  • 5 locations
A
  • irregular network of reticular fibers
  • provides a supporting framework in various organs
  • “stroma”
  • liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow
40
Q

Dense regular

  • Structure
  • function
  • location
A
  • parallel bundles of collagen fibers b/n rows of fibroblasts
  • provides attachment, very strong
  • tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis (flat tendon)
41
Q

Dense irregular

  • Structure
  • function
  • 3 locations
A
  • Collagen fibers arranged irregularly in bundles around fibroblasts
  • provides strength to resist forces applied from many different directions
  • dermis of the skin, capsules of organs, nerve and muscle coverings
42
Q

Supporting connective tissue

  • 3 types of cartilage
  • definition
A
  1. Hyaline
  2. elastic
  3. fibrocartilage
    - provides strong framework to support rest of body
43
Q

Hyaline cartilage

  • Structure
  • function
  • 4 locations
A
  • Chondrocytes in lacunae in a homogeneous glossy matrix; avascular; most abundant
  • provides stiff yet flexible support, reduces friction b/n bony surface
  • b/n ribs and sternum; covers bones at joints; makes up larynx, trachea, and bronchi; nasal septum
44
Q

Elastic cartilage

  • Structure
  • function
  • 3 locations
A
  • numerous elastic fibers; avascular
  • provides support, flexible
  • External ear, epiglottis, auditory tube
45
Q

Fibrocartilage

  • Structure
  • 2 functions
  • 2 locations
A
  • very little ground substance; matrix - densely interwoven collagen fibers; avascular
  • Absorbs shock and prevents bone-to-bone contact
  • b/n spinal vertebrae and pubic bones, meniscus (knee joint)

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (17 decks)

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