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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The integumentary system

-two major components

A
  1. The skin : cutaneous structures

2. Accessory structures

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2
Q

The skin

  • how many layers
  • name the layers
A
  • 3
    1. Epidermis
      1. Dermis
      2. Hypodermis
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3
Q

Epidermis

  • type of tissue
  • 2 types of cells
  • layers (definition)
A
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Keratinocytes and melanocytes
  • Thick vs thin (refers to relative thickness of the epidermi
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4
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Make up most of the skin

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5
Q

Melanocytes

A

Provides pigment that protects

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6
Q

5 layers of the epidermis

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum germinativum
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7
Q

Stratum corneum

  • how many rows
  • are the cells dead or alive
  • what occurs
  • location
  • function
A
  • 15 - 13 rows
  • dead
  • keratinization or cornification (filled with keratin intermediate filaments)
  • (top) superficial layer
  • forms protective, waterproof covering
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8
Q

Stratum lucidum

  • where is it found
  • what color
  • what do the cells look like
A
  • thick skin only
  • clear layer
  • keratinocytes are flat, packed together, and filled with keratin
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9
Q

Stratum granulosm

  • what color
  • how many rows
  • type of cell
  • waterproofing proteins
  • what happens here
A
  • Darkly stained region
  • 3-5 rows
  • keratinocytes that have stopped dividing
  • keratohyalin and keratin
  • keratinocytes begin to die and dehydrate
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10
Q

Stratum spinosum

  • how many rows
  • what do the cells look like
  • what are the cells held together by
  • what type of cells are present
A
  • 8-10 rows
  • spiny shaped keratinocytes
  • desmosomes
  • Langerhans cells
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11
Q

Langerhans cells

-function

A
  • immune response

- attack microorganisms that enter superficial layers

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12
Q

Stratum germinativum or Basale

  • how many layers
  • what is it attached to
  • what does it separate
  • what does it form
  • can the cells divide
  • what types of cells are present
A
  • single layer
  • basement membrane
  • epidermis from dermis
  • forms epidermal ridges that extend into dermis
  • yes
  • melanocytes
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13
Q

Dermis

  • location
  • type of tissues present
  • what does it contain
  • 2 layers
A
  • between epidermis and hypodermis
  • connective tissue
  • blood vessels and accessory structures
    1. Papillary layer
    2. Reticular layer
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14
Q

Papillary layer

  • what is it made of
  • contains 3 things
  • what does it look like on skin
A
  • areolar connective tissue
  • capillaries, sensory nerves and fingerlike projections called papillae
  • gives ridge-like pattern (fingerprints)
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15
Q

Reticular layer

  • what is it composed of
  • contains 3 things
  • what are the fiber bundles responsible for
A
  • dense irregular CT
  • sensory receptors, blood vessels and hair follicles
  • “lines of cleavage”
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16
Q

Hypodermis

A

composed of areolar CT and adipose tissue

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17
Q

how are collagen and elastic fibers arranged and how are they oriented ?

A
  • in parallel bundles

- oriented to resist forces applied to skin during movement

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18
Q

significance of lines of cleavage

-2 things

A
  1. A cut parallel to a line of cleavage will heal with a little scarring
  2. A cut across a line of cleavage creates scarring because wound will remain open
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19
Q

What causes stretch marks?

A
  • when elastic properties of skin are exceeded

- damage to dermis occurs and prevents it from returning to its original size

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20
Q

Accessory structures

-3

A
  1. Hair
  2. Glands
  3. Nails
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21
Q

Hair

  • location
  • 2 types
A
  • almost everywhere
    1. Vellus hairs
    2. Terminal Hairs
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22
Q

Vellus hair

A

fine hair located over much of the body surface

-some will become terminal hairs at puberty

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23
Q

terminal hair

A

heavy, deeply pigmented and sometimes curly

24
Q

Hair follicle

-3 functions

A
  1. produces hair
  2. can alter structure of hair
    - invagination of epidermis
25
Q

7 hair and hair follicle structures

A
  1. Hair shaft
  2. sebaceous gland
  3. arrector pili muscle
  4. connective tissue sheath
  5. hair papilla
  6. hair bulb
  7. hair root
26
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

contracts to pull hair upwards

27
Q

connective tissue sheath

A

wraps each hair follicle

28
Q

hair papilla

A

contains capillaries and nerves

29
Q

hair bulb

A

beginning of hair root

30
Q

hair root

A

contains germative layers of hair follicle

31
Q

medulla of hair

A

core of hair

32
Q

cuticle of hair

A

surface of the hair

33
Q

hair color

  • what determines it
  • ranges
  • what does white/gray hair mean
A
  • determined by pigment produced by the melanocytes at the papilla
  • dark brown, yellow brown or red
  • lack of pigment production and presence of hair bubbles in medulla
34
Q

Hair growth and replacement

  • how much does the hair grow per day
  • what do hair root cells do
  • what happens in replacement
A
  • ~0.33 mm
  • absorb and incorporate nutrients into growing hair
  • new hair will push out the old one
35
Q

club hair

A

hair in an in-active follicle

36
Q

3 functions of hair

A
  1. insulation
  2. protection from UV light (scalp)
  3. prevents entry of foreign particles
37
Q

Glands

-2 types

A
  1. Sebaceous

2. Sudoriferous

38
Q

Sudoriferous gland

  • definition
  • what do they produce
A
  • holocrine glands that discharge oily lipid secretions into hair
  • sebum
39
Q

sebum

-2 functions

A
  1. inhibits growth of bacteria

2. lubricates and protects hair shaft

40
Q

Sudoriferous gland

  • defintion
  • 2 types
A
  • sweat glands
    1. merocrine sweat glands
    2. apocrine
41
Q

merocrine sweat glands

  • where do they secrete to
  • what does it produce
  • 2 functions
  • what does it excrete
A
  • directly to surface of skin
  • watery perspiration (“sensible perspiration”)
  • cooling surface of skin and protection from microorganisms
  • water and electrolytes
42
Q

apocrine sweat glands

  • 3 locations
  • where does it secrete to
  • what does it look like
  • when does this start happening
A
  • armpits, nipples, pubic region
  • into hair follicles
  • sticky, cloudy, odorous secretion
  • puberty
43
Q

Nails

-function

A

protect exposed dorsal surface of tips of fingers and toes

44
Q

Lunula

A

-area on nail where blood vessels are not seen

45
Q

Nail fold

A

Boundaries for nail body

46
Q

Eponychium

A

Area of stratum corneum on nail

47
Q

Hyponychium

A

Area of thickened stratum corneum on nail

48
Q

Nail root

A

Where nail production occurs

49
Q

Integumentary system

-function

A

provides protection from dehydration, environmental stressors and impacts

50
Q

Nervous system

A

Receptors in deep epidermis and dermis provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, temperature and pain

51
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

can stimulate localized changes in blood flow

52
Q

Lymphoid system

A

provides physical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens

53
Q

Respiratory system

A

Guards nasal cavity

54
Q

Assists in excretion of water and solutes can also limit fluid loss through the skin

A

Urinary system

55
Q

Reproductive system

A

Covers external genitalia and provides sensations that stimulate sexual behaviors

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (17 decks)

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