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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Produce skeletal movements

A

Muscle contractions pull on tendons and move bones of the skeleton

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2
Q

Maintain body posture and position

A

Tension and skeletal muscles maintain body posture

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3
Q

Support soft tissue

A

Internal organs

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4
Q

Guard entrances and exits

A

Openings of digestion and urinary tract

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5
Q

Maintenance of body temperature

A

Heat released by working muscles

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6
Q

Store nutrients

A

Proteins are broken down and used for energy

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7
Q

Cardiac muscle

  • example
  • what do cells look like
  • Number of nuclei
  • are striations present
  • voluntary or involuntary
A
  • Heart
  • Cells are branched, intercalated discs
  • Single nucleus
  • Yes
  • involuntary
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8
Q

Skeletal muscle

  • example
  • what do cells look like
  • Number of nuclei
  • are striations present
  • voluntary or involuntary
A
  • Skeletal muscles
  • cells are very long and cylindrical
  • Multinucleated
  • yes
  • Voluntary muscle
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9
Q 
Smooth muscle
example
-what do cells look like
-Number of nuclei
-are striations present
-voluntary or involuntary
A
  • Walls of blood vessels, lining digestive and urinary and reproductive organs
  • cells are short and spindle-shaped
  • Single nucleus
  • No
  • Involuntary muscle
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10
Q

Arrangement of skeletal muscle cells

  • What do they form
  • what are the patterns based on
  • Four major patterns
A

Form bundles called fascicles

  • Organization of the fascicles
  • parallel, convergent, circular, Pennate
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11
Q

Six functions of the muscular system

A
  1. Produce skeletal movements
  2. Maintain body posture and position
  3. Support soft tissue
  4. Guard entrances and exits
  5. Maintenance of body temperature
  6. Store nutrients
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12
Q

Parallel

  • definition
  • common?
  • contraction
A
  • fascicles are parallel to long axis of the muscle
  • most muscles in the body are this type
  • muscle shortens and gets larger in diameter
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13
Q

convergent

  • definition
  • contraction
A
  • fascicles extend over a broad area and converge on one attachment site; very versatile
  • contraction of different portions can change direction of pull
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14
Q

circular

  • definition
  • contraction
A
  • fascicles are arranged as concentric rings/circles around an opening
  • contraction causes diameter of opening to decrease
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15
Q

Pennate

  • definition
  • unipennate
  • bipennate
  • multipennate
  • contraction
A
  • fascicles form a common angle with tendon
  • all fascicles are on same side
  • fascicles are on 2 sides
  • tendon branches
  • cannot move tendon as far as parallel muscle but can produce more tension because have more muscle fiber
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16
Q

3 Key principles on how muscles produce movement

A
  1. Muscles produce movement by pulling on bones
  2. Muscles operate as part of a lever system
  3. Muscles work in groups rather than individually
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17
Q

Muscles produce movement by pulling on bones

-attachment sites

A

origin and insertion

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18
Q

origin

A

place where fixed end attaches to a bone, cartilage or connective tissue

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19
Q

insertion

A

site where movable end attaches

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20
Q

what happens to the origin and insertion during contraction

A

muscle contraction causes muscle to shorten and moves the insertion toward the origin

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21
Q

lever

  • definition
  • when does a lever move
A
  • rigid structure that moves on a fixed point called the fulcrum
  • when the applied force is sufficient to overcome the resistance
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22
Q
  • lever
  • fulcrum
  • applied force
  • load
A
  • bone
  • joint
  • muscle
  • weight of an object held, weight of a limb or weight of the entire body
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23
Q

3 classes of levers

  • first class lever
  • second class lever
  • third class lever
A
  • fulcrum lies between the applied force and the load
  • load is located between the applied force and the fulcrum (least common class)
  • force is applied between the load and fulcrum (most common class)
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24
Q

3 roles of the muscles

A
  • agonist
  • antagonist
  • synergist
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25
Q

agonist

A
  • prime mover

- muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement

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26
Q

antagonist

A

muscle who action opposes that of a particular agonist

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27
Q

Synergist

A
  • helps a larger agonist work more efficiently

- may provide additional pull or may stabilize the origin

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28
Q

how muscles are named (examples)

  • direction of muscle fibers
  • location
  • position
  • shape
  • size
  • origin and insertion
  • number of origins
  • action
A
  • oblique, rectus
  • abdominus, brachialis, femoris
  • lateralis, interus, exterus
  • deltoid, orbicularis, trapezuis
  • longus, magnus
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • biceps, triceps, quadriceps
  • adductor
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29
Q

5 muscles of the head

A
  1. frontalis
  2. Orbicularis oris
  3. temporalis
  4. Sternocleidomastoid
  5. masseter
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30
Q

Frontalis

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
  • aponeurosis
A
  • galea aponeurotica
  • skin of forehead
  • wrinkles forehead and elevates eyebrows
  • flattened tendon
31
Q

Orbicularis oris

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
  • what is it known as
A
  • mandible and maxillary via muscle fibers surrounding lips
  • lips
  • closes and presses lips against teeth; protrudes lips during speech and kissing
  • kissing muscle
32
Q

Temporalis

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
  • what is it known as
A
  • temporal bone
  • mandible
  • muscle of mastication; elevates mandible
  • chewing muscle
33
Q

Sternocleidomasseter

  • 2 origins
  • insertion
  • 2 actions (contraction of both, contraction of one)
A
  • manubrium of the sternum and clavicle
  • temporal bone (mastoid process)
  • flexes the head at the neck
  • tilts head toward the shoulder of the contracting muscle and rotates the face to the opposite side
34
Q

Masseter

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
A
  • zygomatic arch
  • mandible
  • muscle of mastication; elevates mandible
  • chewing muscle
35
Q

5 muscles of the upper trunk

A
  1. pectoralis major
  2. deltoid
  3. external intercostals
  4. latissimus dorsi
  5. trapezius
36
Q

pectoralis major

  • 3 origins
  • insertion
  • 3 actions
  • known as
A
  • clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages
  • humerus (intertubercular groove)
  • flexes, adducts, and rotates humerus medially at shoulder
  • hugging muscle
37
Q

deltoid

  • 2 origins
  • insertion
  • action
A
  • clavicle and scapula
  • humerus (deltoid tuberosity)
  • abducts humerus at shoulder
38
Q

external intercostals

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
  • when does contraction occur
A
  • inferior border of upper ribs (outside and in between ribs)
  • superior border of lower rib
  • muscle of respiration; elevates rib cage in normal inspiration
  • during inhalation
39
Q

Latissimus dorsi

  • 4 origins
  • insertion
  • 3 actions
  • known as
  • white part
A
  • midline of lower back, lumbodorsal fascia, spinous processes of lower thoracic and lumbar vertebraes, lower ribs
  • humerus (intertubercular groove)
  • extends, adducts and rotates medially
40
Q

trapezius

  • 4 origins
  • 2 insertions
  • action
A
  • midline of neck and back: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of thoracic vertebrae
  • clavicle and scapula (acromion and spine)
  • several nerves supply different parts of the trapezius providing a variety of possible actions depending on which part is stimulated; extends head; elevates, depresses and rotates scapula; elevates clavicle
41
Q

supraspinatus

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
A
  • scapula (posterior surface)
  • greater tubercle of humerus
  • abduction at the shoulder
42
Q

Infraspinatus

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
A
  • scapula (posterior surface)
  • greater tubercle of the humerus
  • lateral rotation at the shoulder
43
Q

Teres Minor

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
A
  • scapula (lateral surface)
  • greater tubercle of the humerus
  • lateral rotation at the shoulder
44
Q

Subscapularis

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
A
  • scapula (anterior surface)
  • lesser tubercle of the humerus
  • medial rotation at the shoulder
45
Q

2 abdominal muscles

A
  1. external abdominal oblique

2. Rectus abdominus

46
Q

External abdominal oblique

  • origin
  • insertion
  • 2 actions (Contraction of both,contraction of 1)
  • location
  • how do fibers run
A
  • lower ribs
  • linea alba
  • flexes vertebral column
  • flexes vertebral column to one side and supports and compresses abdominal viscera
  • outside abdomen
  • angle
47
Q

linea alba

A

fibrous band in the midline of the abdomen

48
Q

Rectus abdominus

  • origin
  • 2 insertions
  • 2 actions
  • divided by
  • increase abdominal pressure
A
  • pubis
  • sternum (xiphoid process) and costal cartilages of some ribs
  • flexes vertebral column; supports and compresses abdominal viscera
  • urination deification, vomiting, parturition (child birth)
49
Q

3 Anterior arm muscles

A
  1. biceps brachii
  2. brachialis
  3. brachioradialis
50
Q

Biceps brachii

  • origin (short head, long head)
  • insertion
  • action
A
  • scapula (coracoid process); scapula (tubercle above glenoid cavity)
  • radius
  • flexes, elbow and shoulder; supinates forearm
51
Q

Brachialis

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
  • compare to brachii
  • arises from
A
  • anterior humerus
  • ulna
  • flexes elbow
  • deep
  • arises directly from periosteum
52
Q

Brachioradialis

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
A
  • humerus (lateral epicondyle)
  • Radius (near styloid process)
  • flexes elbow and forearm
53
Q

1 Posterior arm muscle

A

triceps brachii

54
Q

triceps brachii

  • 3 origins
  • insertion
  • action
  • where does the medial head arise from
A
  • lateral head (lateral humerus); medial head (posterior humerus); long head (scapula -tubercle below glenoid cavity)
  • ulna (olecranon process)
  • extends elbow and forearm
  • from periosteum
55
Q

4 anterior leg muscles

A
  1. Sartiorus
  2. gracilis
  3. adductor longus
  4. adductor magnus
56
Q

Sartiorus

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
  • example
A
  • illium (anterior superior iliac spine)
  • medial tibia
  • flexes hip and knee and rotates thigh laterally
  • crossing your legs
  • longest muscle
57
Q

Gracilis

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
A
  • pubis
  • medial tibia
  • adducts femur and flexes knee (flexion of the leg)
  • most medial of thigh muscles
58
Q

Adductor longus

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
A
  • pubis
  • femur (linea aspera), posterior femur
  • adducts and extends thigh
59
Q

Quadriceps femoris

  • definition
  • 4 muscles
A
  • largest muscle group
    1. rectus femoris
      1. vastus laterlis
      2. vastus medius
      3. vastus intermedius
60
Q

rectus femoris

  • origin
  • common tendon
  • where does the tendon insert
  • action
A
  • illium (anterior inferior iliac spine)
  • patellar ligament
  • tibia (tibial tuberosity)
  • extends knee, flexes hip (extends leg and flexion of thigh, ONLY one that crosses the hip joint)
61
Q 
Vastus lateralis
-origin
-common tendon
where does the tendon insert 
-action
A
  • femur (greater trochanter)
  • patellar ligament
  • tibia (tibial tuberosity)
  • extends knee (extension of leg)
62
Q 
vastus medius 
-origin
-common tendon
where does the tendon insert 
-action
A
  • femur (linea aspera)
  • patellar ligament
  • tibia (tibial tuberosity)
  • extends knee (leg)
63
Q 
vastus intermedius
-origin
-common tendon
where does the tendon insert 
-action
-arises from
A
  • femur (anterior and lateral aspects)
  • patellar ligament
  • tibia (tibial tuberosity)
  • extends knee (leg)
  • periosteum
64
Q

Tibialis Anterior

  • origin
  • 2 insertions
  • action
A
  • tibia (lateral condyle and shaft)
  • tarsal and metatarsal
  • dorsiflexes and inverts foot
65
Q

Shin splints

A

stress factors of the tibia, inflamation of periosteum, tendonitis of anterior leg

66
Q

7 posterior leg muscles

A
  1. Gluteus maximus
  2. gluteus medius
  3. biceps femoris
  4. semitendinosus
  5. Semimembranosus
  6. Gastrocnemius
  7. Soleus
67
Q

Gluteus maximus

  • 3 origins
  • 2 insertions
  • action
A
  • pelvis (illium, sacrum, coccyx) and lumbodorsal fascia
  • iliotibial tract and femur
  • extends and rotates femur laterally (extension and rotation at hip)
68
Q

iliotibial tract

A

fibrous band on the surface of the leg that inserts on lateral tibia

69
Q

Gluteus medius

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
  • preffered site for what
A
  • illium (lateral surface)
  • femur (greater trochanter)
  • abducts and medially rotates thigh
  • intramuscular injections
70
Q

Biceps femoris

  • origin (long head, short head)
  • 2 insertions
  • action
A
  • ishium (ishial tuberosity); femur (linea aspera)
  • fibula (head) and tibia (lateral condyle)
  • flexes the knee and extends the thigh (flexion of the leg)
71
Q

Semitendinosus

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
A
  • Ishium (ishial tuberosity)
  • medial tibia
  • flexes knee (leg)
72
Q

Semimembranosus

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
A
  • ishium (ishial tuberosity)
  • tibia (medial condyle)
  • flexes knee (leg)
73
Q

gastrocnemius

  • origin
  • insertion
  • action
A
  • femur (lateral and medial condyles)
  • achilles tendon to calcaneous
  • plantar flexes and inverts foot; flexes knee
74
Q

Soleus

  • 2 origins
  • insertion
  • action
A
  • fibula (head) and tibia (medial)
  • achilles tendon to calcaneous
  • plantar flexes and inverts foot but does not dross knee

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (17 decks)

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