13. cerebellum and basal nuclei motor function

Question 1

What are the functions of basal nuclei?

Answer 1

1. execute motor commands with cerebral cortex
2. plan multiple sequential patterns
3. control patterns of motor activity

Question 2

What paired nuclei help form the basal nuclei?

Answer 2

1. striatum
2. globus pallidus
3. substantia nigra
4. subthalamic nucleus

Question 3

What is the principal role of basal nuclei?

Answer 3

1. modulate thalamic output to motor cortex to plan and execute smooth movements

Question 4

What are the major basal nuclei circuits?

Answer 4

1. putamen

2. caudate nucleus circuit

Question 5

What is the putamen circuit used for?

Answer 5

subconscious execution of learned pattern movement

Question 6

Is the putamen circuit excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 6

excitatory, cause increased motoractivity

Question 7

What is the pathway of the putamen circuit?

Answer 7

1. cerebral cortex
2. putamen
3. globus pallidus
4. thalamic relay nuclei
5. primary motor cortex

Question 8

What are the actions of the D1 and D2 dopamine receptors?

Answer 8

D1: excitatory
D2: inhibitory

Question 9

What will a lesion to the globus pallidus cause?

Answer 9

1. athetosis

- continuous writhing of hand, arm, neck, face

Question 10

What will a lesion to the subthalamic nuclei cause?

Answer 10

1. hemiballismus

- sudden flailing of entire limb

Question 11

What will a lesion to the striatum result in?

Answer 11

1. chorea

- flicking of hand, face, neck

Question 12

A lesion to the substantia nigra will cause what?

Answer 12

1. rigidity, akinesia, and tremors known as Parkinson’s disease

Question 13

What is the caudate circuit used for?

Answer 13

1. cognitive planning of sequential and parallel movements

2. overall inhibitory

Question 14

Where is dopamine most commonly found?

Answer 14

substantia nigra to caudate nucleus/putamen

Question 15

Where is GABA generally found?

Answer 15

caudate nucleus/putamen to globus pallidus/substantia nigra

Question 16

Where is Acetylcholine generally found?

Answer 16

cortex to caudate nucleus/putamen

Question 17

What best describes symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 17

1. rigidity of body muscles
2. involuntary tremors during rest
3. akinesia
4. unstable posture
5. dysphagia, gait disturbance, fatigue

Question 18

What causes Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 18

1. destruciton of substantia nigra pars compacta

- -causes loss of inhibitory and excitatory input

Question 19

How can Hutington’s disease best be described?

Answer 19

1. 30-40y/o
2. individual muscle flicking
3. distorted movements of body
4. dementia
5. motor dysfunction

Question 20

What is the most probably cause for the abnormal body movements?

Answer 20

1. loss of GABE secreting neurons in caudate nucleus/putamen,
2. loss of Ach neurons in other brain portions