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Zach's Physiology Card > 20.3 endocrine > Flashcards

20.3 endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of negative feedback loops?

A

prevent over-activity of hormone system

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2
Q

Where can feedback regulation of hormones occur?

A
  1. gene transcription
  2. gene translation
  3. hormone processing
  4. hormone release
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3
Q

Stages of development and seasonal changes are able to influence the hormone release?

A

yes

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4
Q

Where are cell receptors located?

A

surface of PM, cytoplasm, nucleus

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5
Q

What factors can influence down regulation of receptors?

A
  1. inactivate intracellular protein molecules
  2. sequester receptors
  3. inactivate receptors
  4. lysosome destruction of receptor
  5. reduce production
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6
Q

What can cause up regulation of receptors?

A
  1. hormone increases production of the receptor via intracellular signaling
  2. improve reaction rate, to make receptor more available
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7
Q

What receptor is generally used by neurotransmitters?

A
  1. ion-channel-linked
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8
Q

What is a leptin receptor?

A

JAK-STAT pathway, enzyme linked hormone receptor

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9
Q

Which hormones are intracellular signalers?

A
  1. adrenal and steroidal
  2. thyroid
  3. retinoid
  4. vitamin D
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10
Q

What are the different classes of hormones?

A
  1. polypeptide and protein
  2. steroids
  3. amine
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11
Q

What are unique features of polypeptide hormones?

A
  1. stored as prohormones in secretory vesicles until needed

2. releases involves cAMP and exocytosis

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12
Q

What are unique features about steroid hormones?

A
  1. cholesterol derivatives
  2. lipid soluble, diffuse across membranes
  3. stored as cholesterol esters until needed
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13
Q

What are unique features about amine hormones?

A
  1. tyrosine derivative
  2. form adrenal medullary and thyroid hormone
  3. form catecholamines in the adrenal medulla
  4. thyroid hormones form in thyroid glandular cells
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14
Q

What is the role of PLC in signal transduction?

A

cleaves PiP2 into DAG and IP3 which release calcium and activate PKC

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15
Q

How many Ca ions are required to activate the calcineurin-calmodulin system?

A

3-4 bind with calmodulin to initiate multiple effects

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16
Q

Which hormones act directly on DNA?

A

steroid ( do not last long) thyroid (have long lasting effect)
* process is longer than the PM receptor binding

17
Q

Which of the hormones that act on DNA bind inside the nucleus?

A

thyroid hormones

18
Q

Which of the hormones that act on DNA bind in the cytoplasm?

A

steroid hormones

19
Q

What cells types are located in the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)?

A
  1. somatotropes
  2. corticotropes
  3. thyrotropes
  4. gonadotropes
  5. lactotropes
20
Q

What hormones are released from the adenohypophysis?

A
  1. HGF
  2. adrenocorticothyroid hormone
  3. thyroid stimulating hormone
  4. LH and FSH
  5. prolactin
21
Q

What hormones are secreted from the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nuclei?

A

ADH

22
Q

What hormones is secreted from the paraventricular nuclei of the magnocellular neurons from the posterior pituitary?

A

oxytocin: cause uterus contraction and milk secretion

23
Q

What major system controls the anterior pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus via the hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones

24
Q

Where are hormones from the hypothalamus ultimately secreted?

A

into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

25
Q

How does growth hormone increase growth?

A
  1. increase protein deposition of chondrocytic and osteogenic cells
  2. increases reproduction of chondrocytic/osteogenic cells
  3. convert condrocyte into osteocyte
  4. stimulate osteoblast
26
Q

How does growth hormone affect the protein synthesis?

A
  1. increase amino acid transport to cytoplasm
  2. increas RNA translation
  3. increase transcription
  4. reduce protein catabolism
27
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone on fatty acids?

A
  1. release FA from adipose

2. increase FA conversion to acetyl-CoA

28
Q

How does growth hormone reduce the glucose utilization?

A
  1. reduce glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and fat
  2. increase liver glucose production
  3. increase insulin secretion
  4. growth hormone can stimulate formation of diabetes
29
Q

What effect does growth hormone have on the liver?

A
  1. forms somatomedins
    - affect bones growth
    - called insulin-like growth factor
30
Q

What is the most important somatomedin?

A

somatomedin C or insulin like growth factor-1

31
Q

What factors will stimulate secretion of growth hormone?

A
  1. starvation (protein deficiency)
  2. hypoglycemia
  3. Ghrelin
  4. first 2 hr of deep sleep

Zach's Physiology Card (25 decks)

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