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Zach's Physiology Card > 25.3 Male Reproductive > Flashcards

25.3 Male Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What is the spermatgonesesis pathway?

A
  1. Primordial germ cells
  2. Spermatogonia: in testes, mitotic at puberty
  3. Primary spermatocytes: complete 2nd half of mitosis
  4. Secondary spermatocytes: finish 2md half of mitosis
  5. Spermatids:undergo differentiation to become mature sperm
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2
Q

Where are Sertoli cells and what are their functions?

A
  1. Surround primary spermatocytes and help with spermatgonesesis.
  2. Form estrogens from testosterone
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3
Q

What role do the Sertoli cells have in the spermatgonesesis pathway?

A
  1. Surround primary spermatocytes.

2. Help regulate the rate and coordinating the process of spermatgonesesis

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4
Q

Where are the mitochondria located in the mature sperm?

A
  1. Spirally wrapped around the neck and body
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5
Q

What is the purpose of multiple mitochondria linked in the neck and body of the sperm?

A

Provide energy for the movement of microtbulules

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6
Q

What does the proacrosomal vesicle develop into and what is contained in this region?

A
  1. Acrosome

2. Contain hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes

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7
Q

What happens to the head of the sperm during spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Nucleus condenses and is capped by the acrosome
  2. Distal centrioles organize flagellum
  3. Mitochondria move to base around flagellum
  4. Excess cytoplasm is sloughed off
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8
Q

What begins to organize the flagellum?

A
  1. The distal centrioles that are on opposite side of acrosome
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9
Q

How long must sperm remain in the epididymis before they gain motility?

A

18-24 hours

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10
Q

Where are cells of leydig found?

A

Interstitial space of testes

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11
Q

What is the function of the leydig cells?

A

Secrete testosterone

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12
Q

What activates the cells of leydig to secrete testosterone?

A
  1. Leutinizing hormone (LH)
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13
Q

What signals are required for spermatogenesis?

A

LH, FSH, testosterone

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14
Q

What are the male accessory glands?

A
  1. Seminal vesicles

2. Prostate gland

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15
Q

Where are the seminal vesicles and what do they do?

A
  1. Behind prostate

2. secretory epithelium, releasing secretions at ejaculation

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16
Q

What is the mucoid material that is secreted from the seminal vesicles?

A
  1. Fructose
  2. Citric acid
  3. Prostaglandin
    Fibrinogen
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17
Q

Where do the seminal vesicles empty?

A

Into ejaculatory ducts

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18
Q

How much of the content of semen is produced by the seminal vesicles?

A

60% total semen content

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19
Q

What is the action of prostaglandins being contained in high amounts in the semen?

A
  1. Promote sperm movement in cervical area

2. Induce retro-peristaltic contraction of uterus and Fallopian tubes

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20
Q

Why would prostaglandins inducing retro-peristaltic contraction of the uterus and Fallopian tubes be beneficial?

A
  1. Helps the sperm to migrate to the egg, for fertilization
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21
Q

How much of the semen content comes from the prostate gland?

A

30% of semen content

22
Q

What does the prostate gland secrete during ejaculation?

A
  1. Calcium, citrate, phosphate ions.

2. Clotting enzyme, profibrinolysin

23
Q

Where does the alkaline fluid in the semen come from?

A

The prostate gland. To neutralize the seminal fluids

24
Q

What is an androgen?

A

Steroid hormone with masculinizing effect

25
Q

What hormones are androgens?

A
  1. Testosterone
  2. Dihydrotestosterone
  3. Androstenedione
26
Q

What is testosterone?

A

And androgen steroid that has a masculinizing effect

27
Q

What is dihydrotestosterone?

A

Androgen steroid that has a masculinizing effect

28
Q

What is androstenedione?

A

Androgen steroid that has a masculinizing effect

29
Q

What are androgens synthesized from?

A

Cholesterol and acetyl-CoA formed in testes and adrenal glands

30
Q

Where are androgens synthesized?

A

Testes and adrenal glands.

Specifically from the cholesterol and acetyl-CoA

31
Q

Where is testosterone formed by?

A

Cells of leydig.

32
Q

When are cells of leydig most prevalent and least prevalent?

A
  1. Numerous in newborn and male after puberty

2. Nonexistent in testes during childhood.

33
Q

What protein does testosterone loosely bind to?

A
  1. Albumin
34
Q

What protein is tightly bound with testosterone after the hormone is secreted?

A

Beta-globulin tightly binds with testosterone

35
Q

What is the majority of testosterone that enters tissue?

A

Dihydrotestosterone. Highly present in external genitalia and fetal external genitalia

36
Q

Where is circulating testosterone converted to androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone?

A

In the liver

37
Q

What does the liver convert circulating testosterone into?

A

Androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone

38
Q

How can circulating testosterone be excreted form the body?

A
  1. Into the GI via bile

2. Urine through kidney

39
Q

What can circulating testosterone be conjugated into?

A
  1. Glucuronides and sulfates
40
Q

What are different functions that testosterone can be contributed to ?

A
  1. Hair pattern growth
  2. Larynx hypertrophy
  3. Increase skin thickness
  4. enlarge external genitalia
41
Q

What effect with testosterone have on BMR?

A

Increase BMR

42
Q

What effect will testosterone have on hematocrit?

A

Increase

43
Q

What will testosterone do to the distal kidney tubule’s?

A

Increase sodium reabsorption

44
Q

What is the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone?

A

Similar to LH hormone,

  1. Stimulate anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
  2. From arcuate nuclei of hypothalamus
45
Q

What is the function of leutinizing hormone?

A
  1. Glycoprotein
  2. Activates cAMP
  3. Activate Sertoli cells to secrete testosterone
46
Q

What effect does testosterone have on the hypothalamus?

A

Negative feedback, which inhibits the release of GRH which reduces the amount of LH and FSH released

47
Q

What is inhibin?

A

Hormone from the Sertoli cells

1. Prevents FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary

48
Q

Which hormone does inhibin act the strongest on?

A

FSH

49
Q

Which hormone does inhibin have a relatively weak effect on inhibiting?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

50
Q

Describe the pathway of a sperm from seminiferous tubule’s to the vas deferens?

A
  1. Semiferous tubules
  2. Rete testis
  3. Efferent ductus
  4. Tail of epididymis
  5. vas deferens

Zach's Physiology Card (25 decks)

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