Foot Flashcards

1
Q

What structure is commonly injured in evlusion fractures?

A

The fifth metatarsal

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2
Q

What bone is wedged between the cuneiform bones?

A

The second metatarsal

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3
Q

Which bones of the foot articulate with the leg?

A

Only the talus

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4
Q

List the muscular attachments of the talus

A

None. It has no muscular attachments

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5
Q

List the bones of the hindfoot

A

Calcaneus and talus

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6
Q

List the bones of the midfoot

A

Navicular, cuboid, the three cuneiforms

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7
Q

List the bones of the forefoot

A

The metatarsals and phalanges

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8
Q

Name the tarsals

A

Lateral, intermediate, and medial Cuneiforms, Navicular, Cuboid, Talus, Calcaneus

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9
Q

Which metatarsal is the biggest and why?

A

First, to bear more weight

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10
Q

Which toe is the most stable and why?

A

The second, because its metatarsal is wedged between cuneiforms

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11
Q

Beside acting as a keystone, what does the cuboid bone do?

A

Serves as a pulley (changes the direction of force) for the fibularis longus muscle

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12
Q

List the retinacula of the foot

A

Flexor retinaculum, Extensor retinacula (superior and inferior), Fibular retinacula (superior and inferior)

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13
Q

What might cause tarsal tunnel syndrome?

A

A pronated (flat) foot or a sudden increase in activity level

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14
Q

What serves as the keystone for the lateral arch?

A

The cuboid bone

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15
Q

What is the plantar aponeurosis

A

Deep fascia that is bound to the skin and superficial fascia of the plantar surface of the foot

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16
Q

Where does the plantar aponeurosis originate?

A

From the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity

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17
Q

What structures are formed by the plantar aponeurosis?

A

Superficial transverse metatarsal ligaments

18
Q

What is plantar fasciitis and what are risk factors for it?

A

Inflammation of plantar fascia caused by overstretching. Risk factors include increase in activity level, pronation during heel off phase, wearing high heels

19
Q

What is contained in the medial compartment of the sole?

A

Abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, tendon of the flexor hallucis longus, medial plantar nerve and vessels

20
Q

What is contained in the central compartment of the sole?

A

Flexor digitorum brevis, tendon of flexor hallucis longus, tendons of flexor digitorum longus (quadratus plantae, lumbricals), adductor hallucis, lateral plantar nerve and vessels

21
Q

What does the lateral compartment of the sole contain?

A

Abductor digiti minimi brevis, flexor digiti minimi brevis

22
Q

What does the first layer of the plantar surface contain?

A

Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi

23
Q

What is the innervation of structures in the first layer of plantar surface?

A

Medial plantar nerve (abdutor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis) and Lateral plantar nerve (abductor digiti minimi)

24
Q

Give the origins of muscles of the first layer of the plantar surface

A

Calcaneus (for all of them)

25
Q

What are the structures of the second layer of the plantar surface?

A

Quadratus plantae, tendon of flexor hallucis longus, lumbricals

26
Q

Give the origins of the muscles of the second layer of the plantar surface

A

Calcaneus (quadratus plantae) and Tendons of the Flexor Digitorum Longus (Lumbricals)

27
Q

Give the insertion of the muscles of the second layer of the plantar surface

A

Tendon of flexor digitorum longus (Quadratus plantae), Extensor expansion over 2nd to 5th digits (Lumbricals)

28
Q

What is the effect of the quadratus plantae?

A

Has a Lateral Pull effect on the flexor digitorum longus

29
Q

What are the muscles of the third layer of the plantar surface?

A

Flexor hallucis brevis (2 portions), adductor hallucis (oblique and transverse heads), flexor digiti minimi brevis

30
Q

Give the insertion of the muscles of the third layer of the plantar surface

A

Proximal phalanx of 1st or 5th digit

31
Q

A sesamoid bone can be found in which tendon of the foot?

A

Each tendon of the flexor hallucis brevis

32
Q

What structures are in the fourth layer of the plantar surface?

A

4 dorsal interossei, 3 plantar interossei

33
Q

What do the muscles of the fourth layer of the plantar surface do?

A

Dorsal interossei abduct toes 2-4 (DAB) and Plantar interossei adduct toes 3-5 (PAD)

34
Q

What innervates muscles of the fourth layer of the plantar surface?

A

Bridges of the lateral plantar nerve

35
Q

What structure creates a tunnel for the tendon of fibularis longus?

A

The long plantar ligament

36
Q

What is another name for the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament and what does it do?

A

Spring ligament. Forms a shelf for the talus

37
Q

What three structures help support the medial foot?

A

Tibialis anterior tendon, fibularis longus tendon, tibialis posterior tendon

38
Q

What anomaly would be seen if you didnt have a quadratus plantae muscle?

A

When you flexed your toes they would curve medially

39
Q

The lumbricals of the foot make a similar movement to the lumbricals of the hand. What movement do the hand lumbricals make?

A

A bye bye movement (waving hand bye bye, flexing MTP and extending IP joints)

40
Q

Are the lateral plantar nerve and artery superficial or deep to the quadratus plantae?

A

Superficial

41
Q

What structure is used as the axis for determine ABduction versus ADduction in the foot?

A

The second toe