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ORAL PATHOLOGY! > Exam 3-Oral Cancer Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Exam 3-Oral Cancer Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma accounts for __% of cancers in the oral cavity

A

90% (could be as high as 95%)

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2
Q

What are three types of cancers that make up the other 10% of oral cancer (since SCC makes up 90%)

A

1.Sarcomas 2.Leukimias/Lymphomas 3.Other carcinomas/adenocarcinomas

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3
Q

In the US about how many NEW cases of OC are diagnosed every year?

A

30,000

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4
Q

In the US, about how many people will die this year from OC?

A

9,000

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5
Q

If you practice dentistry for 25 years, how many cases of OC are you likely to see?

A

2-3

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6
Q

What is the average survival rate from OC after 5 years?

A

50%

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7
Q

The American Cancer Society groups OC with what type of cancer? What is the survival rate of that cancer alone?

A

Pharyngeal Cancer…90%

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8
Q

Oral Cancer has the ____ LOWEST SURVIVAL RATE OF ANY CANCER

A

6th

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9
Q

OC is the _____ most common cancer in BLACK MALES

A

4th

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10
Q

OC is the ____ most common cancer in WHITE MALES

A

6th

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11
Q

OC has a higher death rate than these THREE BIG PUBLICIZED CANCERS:

A

Melanoma, Cervical Cancer, and Breast Cancer

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12
Q

The number of cases and the number of DEATHS attributable to the disease are relatively ________ over the last 5-6 decades

A

constant

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13
Q

What is the peak age range for incidence of OC?

A

50-70 years old

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14
Q

OC is Increasing incidence OVER age ___

A

70

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15
Q

OC increasing incidence UNDER age ___

A

40

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16
Q

Males out number females in a __:___ ratio

A

2:1

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17
Q

The overall INCIDENCE rate of the disease is actually _______ slightly

A

falling

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18
Q

In ___% of cases of oral cancer, the patient was/is a smoker

A

75% BOOM.

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19
Q

Ummm no shit Sherlock: Longer duration of smoking = _______ incidence of cancer…._________ usage of tobacco = increased incidence of cancer

A

INCREASED…..INCREASED

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20
Q

Interesting….Risk for ______ and ________ essentially = risk for cigarettes (for intraoral squamous
cell carcinoma)

A

cigars, pipe smoking

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21
Q

Smokeless Tobacco- A much ______ incidence of development of carcinoma when compared with smoked tobacco

A

LOWER

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22
Q

Smokeless Tobacco- usually asociated with prolonged use like ___ cans/week and for about ____ to ____ years of usage.

A

2-3 cans/wk…for 20-30 years of usage

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23
Q

Smokeless Tobacco- What is the major determinant in carcinogenicity? Which form is less carcinogenic?

A

Moist vs dry snuff….moist has a very low incidence of malignant transformation

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24
Q

Which type of abuse has a statistically GREATER risk for OC than Tobacco?

A

ALCOHOL ABUSE

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25
Q

The risk for EtOH abuse to develop into OC is greater than a smoker who smokes ___ packs per day!

A

2

26
Q

What is the most prominent effect of EtOH on the oral tissue that makes it a carcinogen?

A

its a DRYING AGENT (alters epithelial metabolism)

27
Q

What two side kicks (other consequences of abuse) does EtOH abuse have that cause cancer?

A

1.Nutritional deficiency 2. Detox limited c/o liver disease

28
Q

What constitutes EtOH abuse?

A

6 EtOH equivalents/day

29
Q

What has more of a risk for developing OC: Heavy Smoking and Minimum EtOH or Minimum Smoking and Heavy EtOH?

A

Minimum Smoking and heavy EtOH has a MUCH greater risk of OC development

30
Q

What are the 4 factors that degrade the immune system and therefor open the door for cancer?

A

1.Aging 2.Chronic Nutritional Deficiency 3.Disease States 4.Theraputic intervention

31
Q

What are the 4 types of Chronic Nutritional Deficiency that can contribute to cancer?

A

1.Iron deficiency anemia 2.Vit A Def. 3.Vit C Def 4.Vit E deficiency

32
Q

What is another name for an Iron deficiency anemia?

A

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

33
Q

MUY INTERESTING….Iron deficiency anemia (plummer-vinson syn) can lead to cancer for which two reasons?

A

1.Increase susceptibility to carcinogens 2.Increased permeability of epithelium

34
Q

What does having a Vitamin A deficiency do with getting oral cancer? you lose “protective role against ________” whatever the f that means…

A

precancer

35
Q

What does having a Vitamin CCC deficiency do with getting oral cancer? Decreased _________/________ of compounds leads to persistence of noxious stimuli

A

oxidation/reduction

36
Q

What does having a Vitamin E deficiency do with getting oral cancer? Decreased _______ leads to persistence of _______ substances

A

anti-oxidant… ionized

37
Q

What are three main chronic disease states/infections that could lead to Oral Cancer?

A

1.Candida 2.HPV 3.HHV

38
Q

Why in the hell would a candida infection lead to OC? Epithelial __________ with disruption of maturation…Persistent/continuous ________ cell presence

A

hyperplasia…inflammatory

39
Q

HPV and OC: Produces ________ of cell cycle regulation that compromise immune system surveillance

A

inhibitors

40
Q

There is a significant increase in __________ carcinoma today due to HPV

A

oropharyngeal

41
Q

Thirty years ago, 15% of the throat cancer was due to HPV, today it is ___%

A

80%

42
Q

What are the two main areas of the oral cavity that are affected by HPV caused Oral Cancer?

A

oropharynx and base of tongue

43
Q

What are the two main forms of HHV (please give # and nickname) that are closely associated with oral canceR?

A

1.HHV4 (Ebstein Barr) 2.HHV8 (kaposi’s sarcoma-assoc herp)

44
Q

Much like HPV, HHV Produces ________ of cell cycle regulation that compromise immune system surveillance

A

inhibitors

45
Q

Any chronic disease state that results in persistent/continuous stimulation of the immune system can result in a gradual accumulation of ________ in the affected cells…What are three typical, everyday dental conditions that could theoretically lead to OC?

A

genetic defects…1.Diabetes 2.Periodontal Disease 3.Lichen Planus

46
Q

Whats an example of a disease that lowers immune response and therefore can progress to oc?

A

AIDS

47
Q

What are three examples of therapeutic interventions that can lead to oral cancer?

A

1.Chemo 2.radiaiton 3.Organ transplant meds

48
Q

What are two examples of syndromes (genetic defects) that are risk factors for SOME cancers?? Has there been a specific syndrome that has a risk for ORAL cancer?

A

1.Basal Cell Nervus Syndrome 2.Gardner’s Syndrome….NOT a specific syndrome assoc with OC

49
Q

Family history of oral cancer _______ risk of acquiring oral cancer.

A

increases

50
Q

DID YOU KNOW: Only ___% of US adults can correctly identify an early warning sign of oral cancer

A

25%

51
Q

DID YOU KNOW: Only ___% of US adults know the risk of alcohol abuse

A

13%

52
Q

HOLY S! Only ___% of US adults have had an oral cancer exam

A

14%

53
Q

Some disturbing news, In ___% of new cases, the patients have absolutely no evident risk factors

A

25%

54
Q

WHAT DOES SCC LOOK LIKE?? The white or red plaques called ________ and ________

A

leukoplakia or erythroplakia

55
Q

WHAT DOES SCC LOOK LIKE?? Erythroplakia-Often with a smooth _______ appearing surface

A

velvety

56
Q

WHAT DOES SCC LOOK LIKE?? Erythroplakia-May have slightly ______ margin

A

raised

57
Q

WHAT DOES SCC LOOK LIKE?? Erythroplakia-May have _____ areas speckled over the surface

A

white

58
Q

WHAT DOES SCC LOOK LIKE?? Ulcer-often with a raised, ______ border

A

rolled

59
Q

WHAT DOES SCC LOOK LIKE?? Ulcer-ften with a very deep, central ______

A

crater

60
Q

WHAT DOES SCC LOOK LIKE?? An _________ mass…Often with an irregular ________

A

Exophytic….surface texture

ORAL PATHOLOGY! (40 decks)

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