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MD3002 post MSA > spermatogenesis > Flashcards

spermatogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two compartments of the seminiferous tubules

A 
intratubular compartment
peritubular compartment (interstitial space)
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2
Q

what cells surround the developing sperm

A

sertoli (sustentacular)

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3
Q

what is found in the interstitial space of the seminiferous tubules

A

Leydig cells

blood and lymph vessels

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4
Q

what is the purpose of the blood testis barrier

A

prevents immune reaction to spermatozoa

separates fluid of different composition

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5
Q

what are the 3 stages of sperm production

A

mitosis
meiosis
cell modeling (spermiogenesis)

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6
Q

how often does spermatogenesis happen

A

every 16 days

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7
Q

how often does the first mitotic division happen

A

every 74 days

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8
Q

what happens at the end of differentiation

A

cytoplasmic links broken
spermatozoa released into tubule lumen
sperm are virtually immobile

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9
Q

what does the acrosome contain

A

enzymes for fertilisation

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10
Q

what does the midpiece contain

A

mitochondria

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11
Q

where does spermatogenesis begin

A

basement membrane

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12
Q

how many spermatogonia do males have

A

finite number but can undergo mitosis indefinitely

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13
Q

where do spermatids go after production

A

fluid secreted by sertoli cells flushes them through from seminiferous tubules to rete testes to epididymis

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14
Q

at what point are the sperm able to move

A

when they reach the tail of the epididymis

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15
Q

what is capacitation

A

occurs in female genital tract
takes approx 4 hours
glycoprotein coat is stripped
this causes hyperactivation and head is able to initiate the acrosome reaction

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16
Q

what proportion of sperm must be normal in order for in vitro fertilisation to occur

A

15% at least

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17
Q

what is normal sperm count

A

50 -150 x10^6/ ml

i.e. approx 100 million

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18
Q

what sperm count is defined as sub fertile

A

fewer than 20 million

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19
Q

what proportion of sperm from a normal donor show abnormalities

A

30%

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20
Q

what is oligozoospermia

A

low sperm count

21
Q

what is the name for absence of sperm in ejaculate

A

azoospermia

22
Q

what is the name for low sperm motility (fewer than 50% are moving)

A

asthenozoospermia

23
Q

what is the name for a high proportion of abnormally shaped sperm

A

teratozoospermia

24
Q

what are antisperm antibodies

A

abnormal immune response to sperm

25
Q

what is testosterone converted to

A

dihydrotestosterone or estrogens

26
Q

what cells produce estrogens

A

sertoli and leydig

27
Q

what cell produces inhibins (controls hormone levels)

A

sertoli cells

28
Q

what cell produces oxytocin

A

Leydig cells

causing contraction of smooth muscle of the genital tract

29
Q

what are the stages in steroid hormone biosynthesis

A 
acetate
cholesterol
progesterone
testosterone 
estrogens
30
Q

what happens if circulating testosterone is low

A

fewer cells undergo divisions but process takes the same length of time

31
Q

how does the anterior pituitary gland control testicular function

A

secretes gonadotrophins from gonadotroph cells

32
Q

what controls pituritary gonadotrophs

A

hypothalamus which secretes gonadotrophin releasing hormone

33
Q

what is the blood supply of the hypothalamus and pituritary

A

inferior and superior hypophyseal artery

34
Q

where are LH and FSh produced (gonadotrophs)

A

anterior pituitary- basophilic cells

35
Q

where are lactotrophs (prolactin) produced

A

acidophillic cells in the anterior pituitary gland

36
Q

what type of molecule are gonadotrophs

A

glycoprotein

37
Q

what type of molecule are lactotrophs

A

polypeptides

38
Q

what does the posterior pituritary secrete

A

arginine vasopressin (AVP) aka ADH and oxytocin (peptides)

39
Q

what controls LH and FSH secretion

A

GnRH

40
Q

what are the features of GnRH

A

GnRH is released into the portal
blood in pulses every hour
GnRH must be pulsatile or it is
ineffective

41
Q

what pulse style favours LH synthesis and secretion

A

high amplitude and frequency

42
Q

what pulse style favours FSH

A

Low pulse amplitude and frequency

43
Q

what is the function of LH in males

A

stimulates testosterone from Leydig cells

44
Q

how does FSH affect sperm production

A

essential for maintaining sperm production at its normal level
acts on sertoli cells

45
Q

what is the function of prolactin in males

A

enhances LH receptors in leydig cells which increases testosterone and spermatogenesis

46
Q

what hormones are produced by Leydig cells

A

oestrogen
oxytocin
testosterone

47
Q

what hormones are produced by sertoli cells

A

oestrogen

inhibins

48
Q

what is the function of ABP, androgen binding protein

A

binds to androgens in the testes which increases their concentration

MD3002 post MSA (66 decks)

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