4a - Skeletal System; Bones

Question 1

Bone is a ________ _________ tissue

Answer 1

mineralised connective

Question 2

bone extracellular matrix is

Answer 2

osteoid

Question 3

c_______ of c_______ p_______ in osteoid

Answer 3

crystals of calcium phosphate

Question 4

calcium phosphate crystals function in EM

Answer 4

hardness and rigidity

Question 5

osteoid function

Answer 5

durability - bones not brittle

Question 6

3 bone cells

Answer 6

osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

Question 7

osteoblasts location on bone

Answer 7

surface

Question 8

osteoblast secrete …

Answer 8

osteoid

Question 9

osteoblasts become…

Answer 9

trapped by bone they produce

Question 10

osteocytes come from…

Answer 10

trapped osteoblasts

Question 11

osteocytes location

Answer 11

lacunae (small cavities)

Question 12

osteocytes function

Answer 12

maintain bone matrix

Question 13

osteoclasts function

Answer 13

remove unwanted bone

Question 14

2 types of bone

Answer 14

compact and spongy

Question 15

compact bone strength

Answer 15

very hard and strong

Question 16

compact bone forms the…

Answer 16

outer shell (cortex) of all bone

Question 17

compact bone structure

Answer 17

dense, close-packed columns of bone in layers (central circle surrounded by other rings)

Question 18

compact bone - centre of column is

Answer 18

Haversian canal

Question 19

compact bone - center of column is

Answer 19

Haversian canal

Question 20

what does the Haversian canal contain

Answer 20

blood vessels
nerves

Question 21

name of column of bone and central canal

Answer 21

osteon / haversian system

Question 22

spongy bone alternative name

Answer 22

cancellous

Question 23

spongy bone strength

Answer 23

weaker than compact

Question 24

spongy bone location

Answer 24

middle (medulla) of bones
long bone in ends not shafts

Question 25

spongy bone structure

Answer 25

mesh of bony rods (trabeculae) with spaces between filled with bone marrow

Question 26

ossification is

Answer 26

the formation of bone

Question 27

when does bone formation happen

Answer 27

in fetus during growth after fracture

Question 28

the formation of bone is called

Answer 28

ossification

Question 29

how does ossification happen

Answer 29

deposition of calcium salts in matrix of osteoid tissue

Question 30

in a dog fetus how many days until bone formation starts and what can it be seen on

Answer 30

45 days x - ray

Question 31

2 types of bone development

Answer 31

endochondral (most common) intramembranous

Question 32

endochondral ossification is... e.g....

Answer 32

cartilage model replaced by bone e.g. long bone

Question 33

intramembranous ossification is... e.g....

Answer 33

osteoblasts lay down bone between two layers of fibrous tissue (no cartilage template) e.g. skull bones / flat bones

Question 34

endochondral steps (1 -5)

Answer 34

1. cartilage developed in foetus 2. primary ossification starts in the shaft (diaphysis) 3. secondary ossification starts in ends (epiphysis) 4. two centres of ossification grow and expand to each other 5. osteoclasts remove bone in the centre to create marrow cavity

Question 35

what are growth plates

Answer 35

spaces filled with cartilage between epiphyses and diaphyses until mature - spaces allow for bone development and growth

Question 36

X-rays bone and cartilage colour

Answer 36

bone = white cartilage = black

Question 37

on young aniamls x-rays will have ______ as ______ doesn't show up

Answer 37

gaps cartilage

Question 38

intramembranous steps (1-2)

Answer 38

1. two fibrous membranes with osteoblasts make osteoid 2. calcifies to form bone

Question 39

mature bone formation steps (1-3)

Answer 39

1. most osteoblasts become osteocytes 2. some held in reserve by periosteum and endosteum 3. reserve osteoblasts form osteogenic layers

Question 40

use of reserve osteoblasts

Answer 40

if fracture will allow for new bone to grow

Question 41

periosteum is

Answer 41

membrane around bone

Question 42

endosteum is

Answer 42

membrane in bone

Question 43

fracture repair basic steps week 1

Answer 43

week 1 - haematoma (swelling with blood)

Question 44

fracture repair basic steps week 2-3

Answer 44

week 2-3 - soft callus

Question 45

fracture repair basic steps week 4-16

Answer 45

week 4-16 - hard callus

Question 46

fracture repair basic steps week 17 and beyond

Answer 46

week 17+ - remodeling

Question 47

skeletal system functions (1-5)

Answer 47

support protection locomotion storage hematopoiesis (new blood cell production)

Question 48

bone shapes (5)

Answer 48

long short flat irregular sesamoid

Question 49

specialised bone shapes (2)

Answer 49

pneumatic splanchnic

Question 50

long bones structure and location

Answer 50

length greater than width found in limbs e.g. femur, humerus

Question 51

short bones structure and location

Answer 51

length = width found in carpal and tarsal bones

Question 52

flat bones location

Answer 52

in skull

Question 53

irregular bones structure and location

Answer 53

non-uniform shapes found in vertebrae

Question 54

sesamoid bones structure and location

Answer 54

sesame seed develop in tendons found in patella (kneecap)

Question 55

pneumatic bones structure and location

Answer 55

air filled cavities found in frontal bones e.g. sinuses

Question 56

splanchnic bones location

Answer 56

unattached to skeleton only example is the os penis (dogs do, some cats dont)

Question 57

skeleton components (3)

Answer 57

axial appendicular splanchnic

Question 58

axial skeleton components (4)

Answer 58

skull bones of head vertebral column ribs sternum

Question 59

appendicular skeleton components (2)

Answer 59

pectoral and pelvic limbs shoulder & pelvic girdle

Question 60

splanchnic skeleton components

Answer 60

bones in soft tissue - os penis