4C - Normal variations in brain development Flashcards
(10 cards)
Theory of mind
a cognitive ability that allows us to make judgements about other peoples mental states
Executive function
a cognitive process that helps us to set goals, organize and plan, focus our attention and get things done
central coherence
the ability to derive overall meaning from a mass of details
working memory
memory that allows us to process incoming sensory information
alertness
the ability to be vigilant and sustain focus
Why are autism and ADHD considered neurodiverse?
Because they reflect normal variations in brain development and function, not just deficits.
What are the 4 main diagnostic criteria for autism (DSM-5-TR)?
Deficits in: communication, social skills, non-verbal cues, and relationships.
Adhd
A neurodevelopmental disorder that affects brain function, particularly inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
*Affects about 1 in 20 Australians (~1 million people).
*Often misunderstood and underdiagnosed.
Diagnosis (DSM-5-TR criteria):
-Symptoms before age 12.
- Present for 6+ months.
- Must cause impairment in multiple settings (home, school, work).
- Symptoms excessive for developmental age.
Core Symptoms:
Inattention:
- Difficulty concentrating
- Forgetting instructions
- Switching tasks without finishing
- Hyperactivity & Impulsivity:
- Interrupting or talking over others
- Impatience and short temper
- Being accident-prone
Cognitive Variations:
- Difficulties with executive functioning, such as:
- Poor working memory
- Trouble with planning and organisation
- Difficulty maintaining attention and self-control
- Variations in arousal and alertness, often causing inconsistent performance
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
A persistent neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by challenges with social communication, interaction, and repetitive behaviours.
*1 in 70 Australians
*83% of diagnoses are in people under 25
*Diagnosed most often between ages 3–14
Severity Levels (DSM-5-TR):
Level 1 (Mild):
- Needs support
- Atypical social interactions
- Struggles with planning & switching activities
Level 2 (Moderate):
- Substantial support needed
- Limited social response/initiation
-Difficulty adapting to change
Level 3 (Severe):
-Very substantial support required
-Minimal speech, limited social interaction
-Severe distress with change
Cognitive Variations:
Theory of Mind:
- Difficulty understanding others’ beliefs, feelings, and intentions
*Seen in the Sally–Anne test
Executive Function:
- Struggles with working memory, problem-solving, and mental flexibility
Central Coherence:
-Focus on details over the bigger picture (weak central coherence)
-Can be a strength in areas like maths and engineering
Brain Differences:
*No clear brain structure differences in individuals with ASD
*Brain scans show subtle, non-diagnostic differences
*Highlights normal variation in brain development
What is savant syndrome?
A condition where individuals demonstrate exceptional skill or knowledge in a specific area, often alongside developmental conditions like autism.
