6/5/25 Chemistry Labs

Question 1

What are substances that break up into ions when dissolved in water or body fluids called?

Answer 1

Electrolytes

Question 2

What charge do cations have?

Answer 2

Positive

Question 3

What charge do anions have?

Answer 3

Negative

Question 4

What are the significant cations?

Answer 4

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium

Question 5

What are the significant anions?

Answer 5

Bicarb
Phosphate

Question 6

Bicarbonate can also be represented as _____ on BMP/CMP.

Answer 6

CO2

Question 7

What are the most commonly ordered chem labs?

Answer 7

BMP and CMP

Question 8

What tests make up a BMP?

Answer 8

Na
K
Cl
CO2
Ca
Creat
BUN
Glu

Question 9

What tests make up a CMP?

Answer 9

BMP + TP, ALB, TBILI, ALP, AST, ALT

Question 10

What organ is associated with a glucose result?

Answer 10

Pancreas

Question 11

What organ is associated with BUN and creatinine results?

Answer 11

Kidneys

Question 12

What organ is associated with TP, ALB, TBILI, ALP, AST, and ALT results?

Answer 12

Liver

Question 13

High glucose

Answer 13

Hyperglycemia

Question 14

Low glucose

Answer 14

Hypoglycemia

Question 15

High Na

Answer 15

Hypernatremia

Question 16

Low Na

Answer 16

Hyponatremia

Question 17

High K

Answer 17

Hyperkalemia

Question 18

Low K

Answer 18

Hypokalemia

Question 19

High Ca

Answer 19

Hypercalcemia

Question 20

Low Ca

Answer 20

Hypocalcemia

Question 21

What factors can alter electrolyte levels?

Answer 21

Nutrient intake
Organ function
Nutrient Absorption
Hormones
Medication

Question 22

What major extracellular cation is the primary determinant of osmolality and volume status?

Answer 22

Na

Question 23

What is osmolality?

Answer 23

Concentration of a solution

Question 24

How does aldosterone affect sodium levels?

Answer 24

Stimulates sodium reabsorption from the kidneys back into the blood stream (increases sodium in blood)

Question 25

Where does ANP come from and how does it affect sodium levels?

Answer 25

Comes from the heart and acts on the kidneys to increase renal sodium loss (decreases sodium in blood)

Question 26

How does ADH affect sodium levels?

Answer 26

Increases water reabsorption at the distal tubule. Increases blood sodium since Na follows water.

Question 27

What major intracellular cation is essential for electrical membrane potential, especially in neuromuscular tissue and heart contractility?

Answer 27

Potassium

Question 28

How does aldosterone affect potassium levels?

Answer 28

Acts on the kidneys to increase renal loss of potassium, decreasing blood potassium levels.

Question 29

How does ANP affect potassium levels?

Answer 29

Acts on the kidneys. Promotes loss of potassium (decreased blood potassium)

Question 30

How does insulin affect potassium levels?

Answer 30

Promotes potassium uptake by cells, decreasing blood potassium

Question 31

How does E and NE affect potassium levels?

Answer 31

Promotes potassium uptake by cells, decreasing blood potassium

Question 32

If a patient has aldosterone deficiency, what would have to their sodium and potassium?

Answer 32

Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia

Question 33

What physiological role does calcium play in the body?

Answer 33

Blood clotting, muscle contractility, cardiac function, neural transmission, bone maintenance

Question 34

How does PTH affect calcium?

Answer 34

Increases GI Ca absorption, decreases urinary Ca excretion, stimulates osteoclasts to break down bones. Increases blood calcium

Question 35

How does calcitonin affect calcium?

Answer 35

Inhibits osteoclast activity, decreasing blood calcium

Question 36

How does vitamin D affect calcium?

Answer 36

Increased intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption, increasing blood calcium

Question 37

Hypocalcemia can cause what 2 symptoms in patients?

Answer 37

Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign

Question 38

What kind of calcium is measured in a total calcium?

Answer 38

Bound calcium and free calcium

Question 39

What is bound calcium bound to?

Answer 39

Albumin

Question 40

If there are serum albumin abnormalities, how can we correct for a more accurate total calcium level?

Answer 40

Using the calcium correction formula

Question 41

What type of calcium testing is the gold standard for assessing calcium status?

Answer 41

Ionized calcium

Question 42

Free calcium is also known as...

Answer 42

Ionized calcium

Question 43

What would be the most likely finding in a patient with hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 43

A history of multiple bone fractures

Question 44

Which electrolyte is most significantly involved in the maintenance of blood pH?

Answer 44

HCO3-

Question 45

What is glycogen?

Answer 45

Glucose stores in the liver

Question 46

What does insulin do to blood sugar?

Answer 46

Decreases blood sugar through stimulation of glycogen formation in the liver

Question 47

What does glucagon do to blood sugar?

Answer 47

Stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver to increase blood sugar

Question 48

What A1C levels indicate prediabetes?

Answer 48

5.7-6.4%

Question 49

What A1C levels indicate diabetes?

Answer 49

>=6.5%

Question 50

What fasting plasma glucose levels indicate prediabetes?

Answer 50

100-125 mg/dL

Question 51

What fasting plasma glucose levels indicate diabetes?

Answer 51

>=126 mg/dL

Question 52

What 2 hour post 75 mg oral glucose result indicates prediabetes?

Answer 52

140-199 mg/dL

Question 53

What 2 hour post 75 mg oral glucose result indicates diabetes?

Answer 53

>=200 mg/dL

Question 54

A random plasma glucose of ______ in a patient with symptoms indicates diabetes.

Answer 54

>=200 mg/dL

Question 55

What glucose testing methods are used to diagnose diabetes in asymptomatic patients?

Answer 55

A1C Fasting Glucose 2 hour glucose