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SCEN > 5-8 ODDS > Flashcards

5-8 ODDS Flashcards

1
Q

Give two examples of a fluid.

A

Liquid and gas because they both flow.

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2
Q

Distinguish between mass density and weight density.

A

Mass density is mass per volume; weight density is weight per volume.

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3
Q

How does the pressure exerted by a liquid change with the depth in the liquid? How does the pressure exerted by a liquid change as the density of the liquid changes?

A

According to the formula liquid pressure = density x depth, pressure increases with an increase in depth and pressure increases with an increase in density.

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4
Q

How does the water pressure 1 m below the surface of a small pond compare to water pressure 1 m below the surface of a huge lake?

A

Pressure at the same depth is the same in both the pond and the lake.

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5
Q

Why does buoyant force act upward on an object submerged in water?

A

The buoyant force acts upward because pressure is greater against the bottom where the water is deeper.

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6
Q

State Archimedes’ principle.

A

An immersed body is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of fluid displaced.

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7
Q

How does the buoyant force on a fully submerged object compare with the weight of the water displaced?

A

The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the water displaced.

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8
Q

If a 1-L container is immersed halfway in water, what is the volume of the water displaced? What is the buoyant force on the container?

A

The volume of water displaced is 0.5L, and the buoyant force is 4.9N.

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9
Q

What weight of water is displaced by a 100-ton floating ship? What is the buoyant force that acts on this ship?

A

Since 100 tons of water are displaced by a 100-ton floating ship, the buoyant force on the ship is 100 tons.

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10
Q

What happens to the air pressure inside a balloon when the balloon is squeezed to half its volume at constant temperature?

A

The pressure is double when the balloon is squeezes to half its volume.

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11
Q

How does the downward pressure of the 76-cm column of mercury in a barometer compare with the air pressure at the bottom of the atmosphere?

A

Both pressures are the same.

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12
Q

Why would a water barometer have to be 13.6 times as tall as a mercury barometer?

A

Because the density of water is 1/13.6 that of mercury, a water column needs to be 13.6 times taller than a mercury column to have the same weight and produce the same pressure.

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13
Q

What happens to the pressure in all parts of a confined fluid when the pressure in one part is increased?

A

An increased in pressure in one part of a confined fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid to all parts.

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14
Q

A balloon that weights 1 N is suspended in air, drifting neither up nor down. How much buoyant force acts on it? What happens if the buoyant force decreases? Increases?

A

When the balloon is in equilibrium, its buoyant force equals its weight, 1 N. If the buoyant force decreases, it will move downward; if it increases, the balloon will rise.

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15
Q

Does Bernoulli’s principle refer to internal pressure changes in a fluid, or to pressures that a fluid can exert on objects in the path of the flowing fluid? Or Both?

A

Bernoulli’s principle refers only to the internal pressure changes in a fluid.

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16
Q

What are the temperatures for freezing water on the Celsius and Farenheit scales? For boiling water?

A

Water freezes at 0 DEGREE C and 32 DEGREES F, and boils at 100 DEGREES C and 212 DEGREES F.

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17
Q

Under what conditions can we say that a “thermometer measures its own temperature?”

A

The necessary condition is thermal equilibrium because only then do the thermometer and thing being measured have the same temperature.

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18
Q

What pressure would you expect in a rigid container of 0oC gas if you cooled it to -273oC?

A

The pressure would be zero at -273oC.

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19
Q

How much energy can be removed from a system at 0 K?

A

No energy can be removed from a system at 0 K.

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20
Q

Does a hot object contain thermal energy, or does it contain heat?

A

Hot objects contain thermal energy, not heat.

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21
Q

What role does temperature play in the direction of thermal energy flow?

A

The direction of thermal energy flow is from objects at higher temperatures to objects at lower temperatures.

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22
Q

How many joules are needed to change the temperature of 1 g of water by 1oC?

A

The energy is 4.19 J.

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23
Q

Distinguish among a calorie, a Calorie, and a joule.

A

ALL are units of energy.

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24
Q

What happens to heat added to a system that doesn’t increase the temperature of the system?

A

Added heat that doesn’t raise the temperature increases the thermal energy of the system and/or does external work if it leaves the system.

25
Q

When can thermal energy in a system move from lower to higher temperatures?

A

Thermal energy can move from lower to higher temperatures only when external work is done on the system.

26
Q

When disorder in a system increases, does entropy increase or decrease?

A

Entropy is a measure of disorder. The greater the disorder, the greater the entropy.

27
Q

Which warms faster when heat is applied: iron or silver? Which has the higher specific heat capacity?

A

Silver heats more quickly and has the higher specific heat.

28
Q

What is the relationship between water’s high specific heat capacity and the climate of Europe?

A

Thermal energy is carried in the Gulf Stream from tropical waters to the North Atlantic, where it warms the otherwise cold climate.

29
Q

Which generally expands more for an equal increase in temperature: solids or liquids?

A

Liquids generally expand more for an equal increase in temperature.

30
Q

What is the reason ice is less dense than water?

A

Ice is less dense than water due to its ice crystals that have open structures.

31
Q

What are the three common ways in which heat is transferred?

A

Conduction, convection, and radiation.

32
Q

How is a barefoot fire walker able to walk safely on red-hot wooden coals?

A

Wood is a good insulator even when it’s red hot.

33
Q

By what means is heat transferred by convection?

A

Heat is transferred by the movement of fluids.

34
Q

Why isn’t Millie’s hand burned when she holds it above the escape valve of the pressure cooker?

A

A: Her hand is not in steam, but in a jet of condensed vapor that has expanded and cooled.

35
Q

How does the peak frequency of radiant energy relate to the absolute temperature of the radiating source?

A

Peak frequency and absolute temperature are directly proportional: f ~ T.

36
Q

Because all objects emit energy to their surroundings, why don’t the temperatures of all objects continuously decrease?

A

Temperatures don’t continuously decrease because all objects are absorbing radian energy.

37
Q

Which undergoes a faster rate of cooling: a red-hot poker in a warm oven or a red-hot poker in a cold room? (Or do both cool at the same rate?)

A

By Newton’s law of cooling, the hot poker in the cold room radiates more because of the greater temperature difference between the poker and the room.

38
Q

What would be the consequence to Earth’s climate if the greenhouse effect were completely eliminated?

A

Without the greenhouse effect, Earth would be a very cold place, with an average temperature about -18 DEGREES C.

39
Q

What are the four common phases of matter?

A

The four common phases of matter are solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas.

40
Q

What is evaporation, and why is it a cooling process?

A

Evaporation is the change of phase from liquid to gas. As fast-moving molecules in a liquid escape into the air, slower ones on average are left behind, thereby cooling the water.

41
Q

What is condensation, how does it differ from evaporation, and why is it a warming process?

A

Condensation is the opposite of evaporation. Gas molecules near the surface of a liquid are attracted to the liquid, strike it with increased KE, and thereby warm the liquid.

42
Q

Distinguish between evaporation and boiling.

A

Evaporation is a phase change at the surface of a liquid; boiling is a phase change that occurs throughout a liquid, producing bubbles.

43
Q

Is it the boiling of the water or the higher temperature of the water that cooks food faster in a pressure cooker?

A

High temperature cooks food, not the bubbles associated with boiling.

44
Q

Why does decreasing temperature of a liquid make it freeze?

A

Molecular motion slows, thus allowing molecules to bind together.

45
Q

Does a liquid release energy or absorb energy when it changes into a gas? When it changes into a solid?

A

A liquid absorbs energy when it changes into a gas; when a liquid changes into a solid, it gives off energy.

46
Q

Which part of an atom is positively charged, and which part is negatively charged?

A

The nucleus and its protons are positively charged; electrons are negatively charged.

47
Q

How do the masses of electrons compare with the masses of protons?

A

The masses of electrons are much less than the masses of protons.

48
Q

What kind of charge does an object acquire when electrons are stripped from it?

A

When electrons are stripped from an object, it is left with a positive charge.

49
Q

How is Coulomb’s law similar to Newton’s law of gravitation? How is it different?

A

Both laws are inverse-square laws. How they differ is mainly that gravitation is only attractive, whereas electrical forces can repel.

50
Q

How does the magnitude of electrical force between a pair of charged particles change when the particles are moved twice as far apart? Three times as far apart?

A

By the inverse-square law, particles twice as far apart have 1/9 the force.

51
Q

Give two examples of common force fields.

A

Two force fields are gravitational and electric.

52
Q

Distinguish between electrical potential energy and electric potential in terms of units of measurement.

A

Electric potential energy is measured in joules; electric potential in volts.

53
Q

What condition is necessary for a sustained flow of electric charge through a conducting medium?

A

A sustained flow needs a sustained difference in potential across a conducting medium, such as a battery or generator.

54
Q

Does electric charge flow across a circuit or through a circuit? Does voltage flow across a circuit or is it impressed across a circuit?

A

Electric charge flows through a circuit. Voltage doesn’t flow at all but is impressed across a circuit.

55
Q

Does a battery produce dc or ac? Does the generator at a power station produce dc or ac?

A

A battery produces dc. A generator normally produces ac.

56
Q

What is the unit of electrical resistance?

A

The unit of electrical resistance is the ohm, symbol Ω.

57
Q

Which has greater electrical resistance: wet skin or dry skin?

A

Dry skin has considerably more electrical resistance than wet skin.

58
Q

What is the source of electrons that produces a shock when you touch a charged conductor?

A

The source of electrons producing a shock is your own body.

59
Q

As more lines are opened at a fast-food restaurant, the resistance to the motion of people trying to get served is reduced. How is this similar to what happens when more branches are added to a parallel circuit?

A

The more branches in both cases, the less the overall resistance.

SCEN (6 decks)

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