5 Immunopathology Flashcards
(40 cards)
What are the general principles of the immune response? (7).
Multilayer. Network of pattern recognition. Communication. Multiple mechanisms. Adaptive response. Self-regulation. Limitation of host damage.
What are the major components of the innate immune system? (5).
Pattern recognition receptors. Antimicrobial peptides. Cells. Complement components. Cytokines.
What do pattern recognition receptors recognise?
Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and Danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
What are the two groups of PRRs?
Cell surface and intracellular receptors.
Fluid-phase soluble molecules.
What are TLR’s and what do they do?
Toll-like receptors.
Transmembrane proteins that trigger cytokine synthesis and secretion.
What are NLRs and RLRs and what do they do?
Nod-like receptors, Rig-like receptors.
Regulate inflammatory/apoptotic response.
What are CLR’s? 3 examples.
C-type lectin receptors. Fluid phase molecules.
Mannan-binding Lectin.
Surfactant protein A and D.
What do CLRs do?
Recognise microbial carbohydrates and bind to Carbohydrate-Recognition Domains.
Role in neutralisation of pathogens and recruitment of adaptive response.
Give some examples of antimicrobial peptides: (7).
Defensives. Cathelin. Protegrin. Granulsyin. Histamine. Secretory leukoprotease inhibitor. Probiotics.
What does IL1 do? (innate) (3).
Increases coagulation and inflammation.
Increases acute phase protein production by hepatocytes.
Tells hypothalamus to induce fever.
What does TNF do? (innate) (4)
Increases coagulation and inflammation.
Increases acute phase protein production by hepatocytes.
Tells hypothalamus to induce fever.
Increases activation of neutrophils.
What does IL6 do? (innate) (2).
Increases proliferation of B lymphocytes.
Increases production of acute phase proteins by hepatocytes.
What does IL23 do? (innate)
Increases IL17 production by T lymphocytes.
How are epithelial cells involved in innate immunity?
Produce anti-microbial peptides - e.g. lung epithelial cells produce surfactant proteins that bind and promote clearance of invading lung microbes.
What is the central feature of the adaptive immune system?
Unique antigen receptors on each lymphocyte that can trigger clonal expansion. Allows high specificity.
What are the primary lymphoid organs and what do they do?
Bone marrow. Thymus.
Lymphocyte development and selection.
What are secondary lymphoid organs? (3).
White pulp of spleen.
Lymph noes.
Mucosal surfaces.
What is the range of antigenic variability? How many genes do we contain? How is this limitation overcome?
10 to the 9
30,000
V(D)J recombination.
What is the structure of T and B cell receptors?
Two heavy chains linked by disulphide bridges with a light chain either side. Variable regions are on the end of the Y, constant at the base. Fab and Fc regions.
Describe the mechanism of antigen presentation
Antigens are internalised, broken down to peptides, associated with Class 2 molecules, brought to cell surface. If they are foreign, helper T cells recognise them and produce cytokines.
What are histocompatibility antigens also known as? Which genes are they coded by?
Human leukocyte antigens.
MHC.
Name the three types of Class 1 HLAs.
HLA-A
HLA-B
HLA-C
Name the three types of Class 2 HLAs.
HLA-DP
HLA-DQ
HLA-DR
What are the functions of MHC proteins.
Present antigenic peptides to T cells.
MCH Class 1 to cytotoxic T cells
MHC Class 2 to helper T cells
