5.1

Question 1

4 tissue types

Answer 1

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nervous tissue

Question 2

Composition of epithelial tissue

Answer 2

Tightly packed cells with minimal extra cellular matrix

Question 3

Function of epithelial tissue

Answer 3

Covers body and organ surfaces, lines body cavities, forms glands

Question 4

Subtypes of epithelial tissue (2)

Answer 4

Simple Epithelium and Stratified epithelium

Question 5

Types of simple epithelium

Answer 5

Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudo-stratified columnar

Question 6

Types of Stratified Epithelium

Answer 6

Stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, transitional

Question 7

Composition of connective tissue

Answer 7

contains cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

Question 8

Functions of connective tissue

Answer 8

Binds, supports and protects other tissues and organs

Question 9

Connective tissue subtypes (3)

Answer 9

Connective tissue Proper
Supporting connnective tissue
Fluid connective tissue

Question 10

Types of Connective tissue proper

Answer 10

Loose :
Aerostar, Adipose, Reticular
Dense:
Reticular, Irregular, Elastic

Question 11

Types of Supporting connective tissue

Answer 11

Cartilage (hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage), Bone

Question 12

Types of Fluid connective tissue

Answer 12

Blood, lymph

Question 13

Composition of muscle tissue

Answer 13

Cells that may be cylindrical, branching or spindle-shaped contain contractile proteins

Question 14

Functions of muscle tissue

Answer 14

Moves the skeleton,organ walls, or body structures.
The tissue is contractile, conductive, elastic, extensible and excitable.

Question 15

Subtypes of Muscle tissue

Answer 15

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

Question 16

Nervous tissue composition

Answer 16

Contains nerves and glial cells

Question 17

nervous tissue functions

Answer 17

Neurons transmit nerve impulses and process info: glial cell support, protect, and nourish neurons

Question 18

Nervous tissue subtypes

Answer 18

None

Question 19

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

Answer 19

Cellularity: Tightly packed cells, little matrix between cells
Polarity: Apical surface, surface which is expose to the external environment or internal body space. Apical surface has either microvilli or cilia. Basal Surface, where the epithelium is attached to a basement membrane with underlying connective tissue
Attachment to a basement membrane
Avascularity: Lack blood vessels. Nutrients obtained either directly from apical surface or by diffusion from blood vessels in connective tissue
Extensive Innervation: Richly supplied with nerves
High regeneration capacity: Allows the tissue to regenerate itself at a high rate. Occurs through frequent cell division of stem cells, which are adjacent to basement membrane.

Question 20

Functions of epithelial tissue in detail

Answer 20

Physical Protection: Protects both external and internal surfaces from dehydration, abrasion, and destruction by physical, chemical or biological agents.

Selective Permeability: Epithelium acts as the body’s gatekeepers

secretions: some cells are designed to produce/release secretions which form glands. These can be scattered among other cell types in an epithelium or arranged in small, organized clusters within a multicellular gland.

Sensations: Innervated by sensory nerve endings which continuously relay sensory input to the central nervous system.

Question 21

Classifications by number of cell layers

Answer 21

Simple epithelium: one layer of epithelial cells. All of these cells are in direct contact with the basement membrane. Found in areas where stress is minimal and filtration, absorption, or secretion is the primary function.

Stratified epithelium: two or more layers of epithelial cells. only the cells in the basal layer are in direct contact with the basement membrane. Resembles a brick wall. Provides more structural support or better protection for underlying tissue.

Pseudo-stratified epithelium: Appears layered, because the cell’s nuclei are distributed at different level between apical and basal surfaces. Some do not reach the apical surface.

Question 22

Classification by cell shape

Answer 22

Squamous cells: flat, wide, and somewhat irregular in shape. They’re arranged like floor tiles and the nucleus is somewhat flattened.
Cuboidal cells: cubes with rounded edges. Nucleus is spherical and located at the center of the cell
Columnar Cells: slender and taller than they are wide. Nucleus is oval and oriented lengthwise and in the basal region of the cell.
Transitional cells: can readily change their shape depending on the degree to which the epithelium is stretched. Ie. lining of the bladder.

Question 23

Simple Squamous epithelium

Answer 23

Structure: Single layer of thin, flat cells; the relatively flat single nucleus of each cell bulges at it’s center
Function: Thinnest possible barrier to allow for rapid diffusion and filtration; secretion in serous membranes
Location: Air sacs in lung (alveoli), lining of lumen of blood vessels and lymph vessels (endothelium); serous membranes of body cavities (mesothelioma)

Question 24

Simple cuboidal Epithelium

Answer 24

Structure: single layer of cells about as tall as they are wide; spherical and centrally located nucleus
Function: absorption and secretion; forms secretory tissue of most glands and small ducts
Location: Lining of kidney tubules; thyroid gland follicles; surface of ovary; secretory regions and ducts of most exocrine glands.

Question 25

Non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium

Answer 25

Structure: single layer of non-ciliated cells taller than they are wide ; oval shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell; apical surface of cell may have microvilli; may contain goblet cells (unicellular glands)
Function: absorption and secretion
Location: Lining of most of gastrointestinal tract .

Question 26

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

Answer 26

Structure: Single layer of ciliated cells taller than they are wide; oval-shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell; may contain goblet cells
Function: Secretion of mucin and movement of muscular along apical surface of epithelium by cilia; oocyte movement through uterine tube
Location: Lining of the larger bronchioles (air passageways) of the lung and the uterine tubes

Question 27

Ciliated Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 27

Structure: single layer of cells with varying heights; all cells connect to the basement membrane, but not all cells reach the apical surface; has goblet cells and cilia
Function: Protection; secretion of mucin and movement of mucus along apical surface of epithelium by cilia
Location: Lining of the larger airways of respiratory tract, including nasal cavity, part o pharynx, parts of larynx, trachea and bronchi.

Question 28

Non-ciliated Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 28

Structure: Single layer of cells with varying heights; all cells connect to the basement membrane but not all reach the apical surface; lacks goblet cells and cilia.
Function: Protection
Location: Rare- lining of part of the male urethra and epididymis

Question 29

Stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 29

Structure: Multiple cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal or polyhedral and alive, whereas apical (superficial) cells are squamous, lack a nucleus and organelles, are filled with the protein keratin, and are dead.
Function: Protection of underlying tissue from abrasion
Location: epidermis of skin

Question 30

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 30

Structure: Multiple cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or polyhedral, whereas apical (superficial) cells are squamous; all cells are living; each cell contains a nucleus and organelles and lacks keratin; superficial cells kept moist.
Function: Protection of underlying tissue from abrasion
Location: Lining of oral cavity, part of pharynx, part of larynx, esophagus, lining of vagina and anus

Question 31

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Answer 31

Structure: Two or more layers of cells; cells at the apical surface are about as tall as they are wide
Function: Protection and secretion
Location: Ducts of most exocrine glands and ovarian follicles

Question 32

Stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 32

Structure: Two or more layers of cells; cells at the apical surface are taller than they are wide
Function: Protection and secretion
Location: Large ducts of salivary glands; conjunctiva covering the eye; lining of the membranous part of male urethra

Question 33

Transitional epithelium

Answer 33

Structure: Epithelial appearance varies, depending upon whether tissue is relaxed or distended (stretched); Relaxed transitional epithelium has cuboidal or polyhedral cells and the apical cells are large and rounded. Whereas distended has flattened cells at the apical surface, some cells are binucleated.
Function: Accommodates urine volume changes (by distending or relaxing)
Location: Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra.

Question 34

Glands

Answer 34

Individual cells or multicellular organs composed predominantly of epithelial tissue. They secrete substances either for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination from the body. Glandular secretions may include mucin, ions, hormones, enzymes or urea.

Question 35

Endocrine glands

Answer 35

Lack ducts and secrete their products, called hormones, into the blood to be transported throughout the body. Hormones act as chemical messengers to influence cell communication.

Question 36

Exocrine glands

Answer 36

Typically originate from an invagination of epithelium that burrows into the underlying connective tissue. These glands usually maintain their connection with the epithelial surface by means of a duct, an epithelium-lined tube through which the gland secretions are discharge onto the epithelial surface. Examples include, sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands. can be Uni or multi cellular.

Question 37

Unicellular exocrine glands

Answer 37

Typically do not contain a duct, and they are located close to the surface of the epithelium in which they reside. Most common type of unicellular exocrine gland is a goblet cell. Goblet cells are usually found in both simple columnar epithelium and pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Question 38

Multicellular exocrine glands

Answer 38

Contain numerous cells that work together to produce a secretion. Often consists of acini which are the clusters of cells that produce the secretion, and one or more smaller ducts, which merge to form a larger duct that transports the secretion to the epithelial surface. Multicellular exocrine glands typically are surrounded by a fibrous capsule, and extensions of the capsule called septa, partition the gland into lobes.

Question 39

2 ways to classify exocrine glands

Answer 39

Classification by anatomic form
Classification by Method of secretion

Question 40

Classification by Anatomic Form

Answer 40

Simple glands: Single unbranded duct
Compound glands: Have branched ducts.
Tubular: if the secretory portion and the duct have the same diameter.
Acinar: If the secretory portion forms an expanded sac
Tubloacinar gland: A gland with both tubules and acini

Question 41

Classification by method of secretion

Answer 41

Merocrine glands: Package their secretions into secretory vesicles and release the secretions by exocytosis. The glandular cells remain intact and are not damaged by producing the secretion. Ex. Lacrimal, Salivary , Sweat, Pancreas, Gastric glands.

Apocrine glands: Produce their secretory material when the cell’s apical portion pinches off, releasing cytoplasmic content. Cell repairs itself in order to repeat it’s secretory activity. Ex. Mammary glands, ceremonious glands of the ear.

Holocrine glands: are formed from cells that accumulate a product; the entire cell then disintegrates. Holocrine secretion is a viscous mixture of both cell fragments and the product the cell produced prior to its disintegration. Ex/ oil-producing glands in the skin.