🔵 5.1 Psychological Factors that can Influence an Individual in Physical Actvities: Attribution Theory Flashcards
(21 cards)
Attribution
A perception of the reason for an outcome of an event
Who usually gives a reason for an outcome
Leaders, managers, coaches and players
Why are reasons for an outcome important
To maintain motivation and effort and therefore task persistence
What is an internal attribute
Within the performers control
What is external attribute
Outside the performers control
What is locus of causality
The amount of control the player has over the outcome of the event
Who where the reasons given for winning and losing classified by
Weiner 1974
What did Weiner 1986 suggest about locus of causality
Suggested that personal internal control includes the things that can be taken control of by the individual such as effort.
External control includes things over which the player has little influence, such as luck or the decision of the referee
What is a stable attribute
Unluckily the change in the short term
What is unstable attribute
Can change in a short amount of time
What is the stability dimension concerned about
How changeable the reasons for winning and losing are
What is self serving bias
Using external and or unstable reasons for losing
How is self serving bias beneficial to a performer
Helps to promote self esteem, confidence and motivate the players
What reason should a coach never give for a loss
Stable and internal, must be external or can be changed.
For example, must never be someone’s ability as a loss of motivation may occur
What is learned helplessness
Using internal stable reason for losing
When can learned helplessness improve confidence
When players feel responsible for the positive outcome of a game, the motivation and confidence can be enhanced
When can learned helplessness improve cause negative effects
Players blame losing on internal and stable reasons such as ability. The performer begins to doubt if they can actually complete the task successfully and self doubt or a lack of belief in ability begins to affect the player
How can learned helplessness be developed
By attributing success to internal and stable factors. But also by negative feedback and critics from others. Also a lack of success and negative experiences can develop learned helplessness
What is attribution retraining
Changing the reasons given for success and failure
Ways to promote self esteem in players
Change internal reasons for failure to external unstable ones
Move away from blaming player ability so that the player begins to use external and unchangeable reasons for failure
Provide motivation via reinforcement
Allow early success
These strategies also prevent learned helplessness, prevent a decrease in confidence
What is mastery orientation
State of mind when the performer is high in confidence believes in their own ability and thinks success is repeatable, while failure is temporary and changeable
