Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology > Diseases of the Renal System 2 > Flashcards

Diseases of the Renal System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of obstructive uropathy in the pelvis and kidney

A

Calculi
Tumours
Stictures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

dilated calyces, dilated pelvis, corticol atrophy

A

Hydronephrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A type of obstruction with pain and acute renal failure and anuria

A

Acute bilateral obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A type of obstruction which is asymptomatic initially with corticol atrophy and decreased renal function

A

Chronic unilateral obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A type of obstruction which is initially polyuric with progressive renal scarring and impairment

A

Bilateral partial obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Another name for renal calculi

A

Urolithiasias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are renal calculi more common in males or females?

A

Males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 causes of renal calculi

A

Excess of substances
Change in urine constituents
Supersaturation
Decreased citrate levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why does decreased citrate levels predispose you to renal calculi?

A

Citrate combines with Ca2+ and prevents calcification.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Not peeing for a long tiem

A

Supersaturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What conditions can cause renal calculi though precipitation of excess substances?

A

Bone disease
Increased PTH
Sarcoidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name 4 things that renal calculi can be made of

A

Calcium (70%)
Struvite-produced by bacteria
Urate stones-uric acid
cystine stone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of struvite stones

A

Urease producing bacterial infection-converts urea to ammonia.
Ammonia increases the urine pH
Precipitation of magnesium ammonium phosphate salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What component are struvite stones made out of?

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the calculi that form from struvite

A

Large ‘staghorn’ calculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who is predisposed to developing urate stones?

A

People with hyperuricaemia (a consequence of gout or patients with a high cell turnover e.g. leukaemia)

17
Q

What kidney stones do you get if you can’t reabsorb amino acids?

A

Cysteine stones

18
Q

3 ways you can investigate for renal calculi

A

Non-contrast CT scanning
Ultrasound in pregnancy where CT is not possible
IV urography- inject dye

19
Q

4 complications of renal calculi

A

Obstruction
Haematuria-destroys lining of endothelium
Infection
Squamous metaplasia-chronic irritation. Precursor for squamous cell carcinoma

20
Q

What is the most common type of renal cell carcinoma

A

Clear cell

21
Q

Apart from clear cell, name 2 other types of renal cell carcinoma

A

Papillary

chromophobe

22
Q

Is renal cell carcinoma more common in males or females?

A

Males

23
Q

What are the main risk factors for renal cell carcinoma

A 
Smoking
obesity
hypertension
oestrogens
acquired cystic kidney disease
asbestos exposure
24
Q

A genetic disease associated with renal cell carcinoma, especially clear cell

A

Von Hippel Lindau Syndrome

25
Q

Von Hippel Lindau syndrome is a malfunction of what gene?

A

VHL gene required for breakdown of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) tumour suppressor gene. Loss of gene function causes cell growth and T cell survival (Von Hippel in Hifi)

26
Q

Where do tumours commonly develop in Von Hippel lindae syndrome

A

Kidneys, blood vessels, pancreas

27
Q

How does renal cell carcinoma present

A 
Haematuria
palpable abdominal mass
costovertebral pain
If late presentation-systemic symptoms or metaplasia
paraneoplastic syndromes
28
Q

what paraneoplastic symptoms are seen in renal cell carcinoma

A

Cushings-ACTH
Hypercalcaemia-PTH
Polycythaesia-erythropoietin

29
Q

Describe the morphology of clear cell carcinoma

A

Clear cells- nucleus/cytoplasm are dissolved during processing
Well defined yellow, often with haemorrhagic areas
May extend into perinephric fat or into renal vein

30
Q

Describe the morphology of papillary carcinomas

A

More cystic, multiple, bilateral
Cuboidal, foamy cells.
Surround fibrovascular cores often containing foamy macrophages or calcium

31
Q

Prognosis with renal cell carcinoma

A

Chemo-resistant-v.poor prognosis with metastases

32
Q

Where do 95% urothelial cell carcinomas develop

A

Bladder

33
Q

Risk factors for urothelial cell carcinomas

A

Age
Male
Carcinogens (smoking, cylamines, radiotherapy)

34
Q

Presentation of urothelial carcinomas

A

Haematuria
Urinary frequency
Pain on urination
Urinary tract obstruction

35
Q

What are the 2 types of urothelial carcinomas

A

Papillary (more common)

Flat (usually high grade)

36
Q

If the tumour invades the muscularis propria (T2) of the bladder, what is the treatment

A

Resect bladder

37
Q

Prognosis for urothelial carcinomas

A

Recurrences are common

Cytoscopy-regular follow up

Clinical Pathology (53 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions