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Posters > Review posters 09/05/2016 > Flashcards

Review posters 09/05/2016 Flashcards

1
Q

How does starch and glycogen get into the body

A

Ingestion from food

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2
Q

What is the role of alpha amylase

A

Cleaves glycosidic 1-4 bonds. However it cannot cleave 1-6 glycosidic bonds (e.g. in amylase and amylopectin)

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3
Q

Where, other than the mouth, is alpha amylase produced?

A

The pancreas

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4
Q

In the duodenum, which enzymes digest glycogen or starch/oligosaccherides further?

A

Oligosacheridases such as
lactase- breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose
Sucrase- breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose
Maltase breaks down maltose into glucose and glucose
Isomaltase can split 1-6 bonds.

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5
Q

What are oligosaccherides?

A

2-10 glucose molecules joined together (e.g. sucrose and lactose)

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6
Q

How is glucose absorbed on the apical membrane?

A

Secondary active transport via SGLT1 receptors

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7
Q

How is galactose absorbed on the apical membrane?

A

Secondary active transport via SGLT1 receptors

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8
Q

How is fructose absorbed on the apical membrane?

A

Facilitated diffusion via GLUT 1 receptors

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9
Q

How do galactose, glucose and fructose get transported across the basolateral membrane?

A

Facilitated diffusion via GLUT 2 receptors.

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10
Q

What does HCl do to proteins?

A

Denatures them

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11
Q

Which enzyme breaks down proteins in the stomach? and how does it work?

A

Pepsin cleaves internal bonds (endopeptidase). It has a preference for large neutral peptide chains and aromatic chains.

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12
Q

What is pepsins optimum pH?

A

1.8-3.5

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13
Q

Name the 5 enzymes secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum to break down proteins. Also describe them and the products of their actions.

A

Trypsin (endopeptidase)- cleaves peptides to 2-4 amino acid chains
Chymotrypsin (endopeptidase)- cleaves peptides to 2-4 amino acid chains
Elastase (endopeptidase)- cleaves peptides to 2-4 amino acid chains
Procarboxypeptidase A- exopeptidase- makes single amino acids
Procarboxypeptidase B-exopeptidase-makes single amino acids.

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14
Q

What is the ratio of oligopeptides to amino acids after pancreatic peptidases have got involved?

A

75% are oligopeptidases

25% are single amino acids.

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15
Q

Where else are enzymes present that can digest protein?

A

Brush border and enterocyte cytoplasm.

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16
Q

What do the brush border enzymes do?

A

More attracted to long chain oligosaccherides (10aa)

17
Q

What do the cytoplasmic enzymes do?

A

Break down tripeptides and dipeptides.

18
Q

How are amino acids absorbed across the apical membrane?

A

Na+ dependent transfer by secondary active transport

19
Q

How are oligosaccherides absorbed across the apical membrane

A

PepT1 by secondary active transport

20
Q

How do oligosaccherides and amino acids get across the basolateral membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion

21
Q

Describe the ECG of someone with sinus bradycardia

A

Normal P waves (0.08-0.1 seconds)

Normal QRS complexes (

22
Q

Treatment of someone with sinus bradycardia?

A

Atropine will increase the HR

23
Q

Describe the ECG of someone with sinus tachycardia

A

Normal P waves (0.08-0.1seconds)

Normal QRS complexes (

24
Q

Treatment of sinus tachycardia

A

Beta blockers

25
Q

Describe the ECG of a sinus arrhythmia.

A

Normal P waves (0.08-0.1)

Normal QRS complex (

26
Q

Treatment of sinus arrhythmia

A

No treatment

27
Q

What is SA block?

A

Blocked conduction between the sino-atrial node and the atria. The atria don’t always depolarise.

28
Q

Describe the ECG of second degree SA block

A

As if a beat has been dropped. This is due to failure of the SA node to depolarise the atria and therefore the ventricles will not be depolarised either. This leads to a drop of both the P wave, T wave and QRS complex.

29
Q

Treatment of second degree SA block

A

If symptomatic- IV atropine

30
Q

Describe the ECG of third degree SA block

A

FLAT LINE- then production of an escape beat 3-4 missed beats later.

31
Q

Treatment of third degree SA block.

A

IV atropine.

32
Q

Describe the ECG of atrial fibrillation.

A

Loss of P waves.
Atrial rate of 350-600bpm
ventricular rate of 100-180bpm

33
Q

Treatment of a fib

A

Haemodynamically unstable- electrical cardioversion
Haemodynamically stable- Beta blocker, calcium channel blocker
If the patient has congestive heart failure- digitalis, diltiazem and amiodarone

34
Q

Describe the ECG of atrial flutter

A

Saw tooth appearence.
Atrial rate of 250-350bpm
ventricular rhythm regular

35
Q

Treatment of atrial flutter

A

Haemodynamically unstable- electrical cardioversion
Haemodynamically stable- beta blockers, calcium channel blockers
Congestive heart failure, digitalis, amiodarone and diltiazem.

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