Review posters 10/05/2016

Question 1

What does Peak Expiratory Flow measure?

Answer 1

How hard and fast the patient can exhale. In diseases with increased airway resistance e.g. asthma, the peak flow will be reduced.

Question 2

What does spirometry measure?

Answer 2

The forced vital capacity (how much you can breathe out), the forced expiratory volume in 1 second and the FEV1/FVC can be calculated from this.

Question 3

What is the equation to work out the percentage in PEFR?

Answer 3

Obtained value/Expected value x100

Question 4

Give examples of and describe an obstructive disease

Answer 4

Obstructive diseases are due to narrowing of the bronchi/bronchioles. This could be due to inflammation. Examples include asthma, copd, emphysema, bronchiectasis

Question 5

Describe and give examples of a restrictive disease

Answer 5

Restrictive disease is characterised by restricted lung expansion. Examples include pulmonary fibrosis.

Question 6

What would the spirometry show for an obstructive disease.

Answer 6

Decreased FEV1, normal/decreased FVC.

FEV1/FVC will not be normal even if the FVC has decreased because it will not do so proportionally

Question 7

What would the spirometry for a restrictive disease look like.

Answer 7

Both the FEV1 and FVC would be reduced. However the FEV1/FVC ratio will be normal.

Question 8

Di-George syndrome

Answer 8

Repeated infections
Muiltiple viral and bacterial infections
Recurrent candidiasis
Facial features suggestive
Decreased T cell count
Hypocalcaemia 
Cardiovascular system is abnormal

Question 9

Pancoast tumour

Answer 9

Can invade the brachial plexus and cause muscle wasting in the hand and interrupts sympathetic innervation to the head

Question 10

Graft-versus host disease

Answer 10

Recurrent skin rashes and infections
Skin abnormal across whole body
Underlying diagnosis form of SCID

Question 11

Eaton Lambert syndrome

Answer 11

Paraneoplastic change
Hyporeflexia
Proximal limb weakness
Reduced autonomic activity

Question 12

Geographic tongue

Answer 12

Characterised by red streaks on the tongue. No known cause. Harmless

Question 13

Black hairy tongue

Answer 13

Caused by proliferation of chromogenic microorganisms causing brown staining of elongated fusiform papillae.
Cause is unknown by heavy smoking and antiseptic mouth washes are said to be associated.

Question 14

Gingivae swelling

Answer 14

Swelling of the gums due to inflammation of fibrosis hyperplasia.
Associated with drugs, pregnancy, wegners granulomatos.

Question 15

Chronic gingivitis

Answer 15

Accumalation of bacterial plaque. Resolves when plaque is removed. Common cause of bleeding gums.

Question 16

Acute ulcerative gingivitis

Answer 16

Associated with poor oral hygiene. Proliferation of spirocheate and fusiform bacteria.

Question 17

Treatment of acute ulcerative gingivitis

Answer 17

Oral metronidazole 200mg 3 times daily

Question 18

Glassins

Answer 18

Red, smooth sore tongue.
Associated with B12, folate and iron deficiency
Also seen in Candida infections

Question 19

What is the Henderson Hasselbach equation used for?

Answer 19

Calculating the pH of buffers.

Question 20

What is the Henderson Hasselbach equation?

Answer 20

pH= pKa + log ([A-]/[HA]

Question 21

How do you work out pH?

Answer 21

-log [H+]

Question 22

How do you work out pKa

Answer 22

-log [Ka]

Question 23

What is Ka

Answer 23

HA—–> H+ + A-

Ka (acid dissociated constant)= [H+][A-]/[HA]

Question 24

What is an amphipathic molecule?

Answer 24

Both hydrophillic and hydrophobic

Question 25

What sort of substances dissolve in water?

Answer 25

Polar substances

Question 26

What do amphipathic molecules form in water?

Answer 26

Micelles where the hydrophobic end is in the middle surrounded by the hydrophillic ends.

Question 27

Which amino acid is the expection to the configuration?

Answer 27

Cystiene

Question 28

What is a stereoisomer?

Answer 28

Non-superimposable mirror images.

Question 29

What are proteins made up of?

Answer 29

20 different L amino acids.

Question 30

Recurrent apthous ulcers

Answer 30

Could be major or minor

Question 31

Minor recurrent apthous ulcers

Answer 31

Less than 10mm in diameter. Usually clear up within 14 days. Have a grey/white centre with a thin erythematous halo.

Question 32

Major recurrent apthous ulcers

Answer 32

Greater than 10mm in diameter. Often persist for weeks to months and heal by scarring

Question 33

What diseases can cause ulcers?

Answer 33

IBD and coeliacs can cause ulceration. Also HIV and lupus.

Question 34

Cause of recurrent apthous ulcers?

Answer 34

Unknown- deficiencies of iron, folic acid or vitamin B12 are sometimes present but not usually linked.

Question 35

Treatment of recurrent apthous ulcers?

Answer 35

No treatment- avoid acidic foods and drinks

Possible topical corticosteroid or tetracycline mouth wash.

Question 36

Neoplasia (squamous cell carcinoma)

Answer 36

Malignant tumour of the mouth. Can be caused by tobacco or heavy alcohol consumption.

Question 37

Treatment of neoplasia

Answer 37

Surgical resection. Often requires dissection of the neck to access the lymph nodes involved.

Question 38

Oral pigmentation lesions

Answer 38

Black areas on the gingivae. Can result from dental amalgum sequestering into tissues.

Question 39

Oral white patches

Answer 39

Transient white patches either due to Candida infection or are very occasionally seen in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Oral candidiasis is seen in the use of inhaled corticosteroids or antibiotics.