Osteology

Question 1

What are the four basic types of tissues in the human body?

Answer 1

Epithelial, muscle, neural and connective tissues

Question 2

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

Answer 2

Osteoblasts - form bone;
Osteocyte - maintain or nurture bone;
Osteoclasts - remodel bone.

Question 3

What are the bone cells embedded in?

Answer 3

An amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

Question 4

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

Answer 4

Glycosaminoglycans

Question 5

What is the principle type of protein fiber in bones?

Answer 5

Collagen type I

Question 6

What is the most frequently described deposit in the bone?

Answer 6

Hydroxyapatite

Question 7

What is Wolff’s law as it applies to bones?

Answer 7

Living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to various stressors

Question 8

What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

Answer 8

It has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age.

Question 9

Bone is the embryo logical derivative of which specific connective tissue?

Answer 9

Mesenchyme and/or cartilage

Question 10

What is the name given to the patterns of ossification in mesenchyme?

Answer 10

Intramembranous ossification

Question 11

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 11

From the second to third month in utero

Question 12

What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 12

The skull

Question 13

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is partially formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 13

The clavicle

Question 14

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 14

Endochondral ossification

Question 15

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 15

From the second to fifth month in utero.

Question 16

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification A?

Answer 16

Chondrocranium

Question 17

What are names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

Answer 17

Primary centers of ossification appear before birth

Secondary centers of ossification appear after brith

Question 18

WhT are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

Answer 18

Sexual dimorphism (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population based variation (ethnic variation), and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

Question 19

What type of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

Answer 19

Chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, hyaluronic acid

Question 20

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

Answer 20

Sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium, and radium

Question 21

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 21

The mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

Question 22

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 22

The clavicle

Question 23

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas base on bone density?

Answer 23

Cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone

Question 24

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

Answer 24

Subchondral bone

Question 25

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

Answer 25

The periosteum

Question 26

What is the name given to the Fibro-cellular lining of bone?

Answer 26

The endosteum