Flashcards in 54-Breakdown of Homeostasis Deck (66)
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1
What is homeostasis
normal steady state
2
What happens when cells encounter physiologic stress
They must adapt, get injured, or die
3
What is the most crucial event in evolution of disease
Cell death
4
What happens after prolonged or severe injury
Cell death-necrosis or apoptosis
5
What are the cellular adaptations to stress
Atrophy
Hypertrophy-physiologic or pathologic
Hyperplasia-physiologic or pathologic
metaplasia
6
What is atrophy
Shrinking of cell to preserve function and survive
7
What is hypertrophy
Cell enlarges, limited capacity to divide
8
What is hyperplasia
More cells are produced if they are capable of replication
9
What is metaplasia
Differentiation from one adult cell type to another
10
What happens to skeletal muscle when it loses its innervation
denervation-atrophy, become small and angular
11
What causes atrophy
Decreased workload
loss of innervation
Diminished blood supply
Inadequate nutrition
Loss of endocrine
aging
12
what is an example of pathologic hypertrophy
Hypertension and enlargement of heart
Muscular Dystrophy
13
What is an example of physiologic hypertrophy
Pregnancy from estrogen
14
What is an example of physiologic hyperplasia
Pregnancy and proliferation of breast tissue
15
What is the difference between hyperplasia and cancer
Hyperplasia is tightly controlled
Cancer has uncontrolled growth
16
What is an example of metaplasia
Chronic smokers
Change of epithelium in branches from columnar to squamous
Gain survival, but loss of protection like mucous secretion and cilia
17
Why does metaplasia occur
One cell type is sensitive to stress and is replaced by a type that can withstand the stress to try to survive
18
What causes cell injury
EVERYTHING
Intrinsic-genetic
Acquired-everything else
19
What does cell response to injurious stimuli depend on
Type, duration, severity
20
What are the consequences of injurious stimulus
Cell type, status, adaptability, genetic make up
21
Where are the sites of vulnerability for cell injury
Mitochondria, calcium, membrane, protein and DNA integrity
22
What are the morphologic changes from injury
Biochemical changes
They are time dependent
23
What does mitochondrial damage lead to
ATP depletion and increase ROS, necrosis and apoptosis
24
ATP depletion is due to what
Decreased oxygen, reduced nutrients, mitochondrial damage, toxins
25
If you have ATP depletion what can you test for
Lactic acidosis in serum blood test
26
Increase ROS leads to what
Damaged lipids, proteins, DNA
27
How does reduced ATP affect cells
Reduced ATP dependent sodium and calcium pumps, anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid production and decreased pH), disruption of protein synthesis
28
How are ROS formed
Produced normally during redox reactions
Produced by phagocytic leukocytes (neutrophils and Macs) for destroying microbes
29
How does ROS contribute to disease
Cancer-mutation from free radicals
atherosclerosis-plaque formation
Aging-accumulative damage
Toxicology-acetaminophen toxicology
hypoxia
30
