Flashcards in 51-Inflammation and Phagocytosis Deck (56)
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1
what is the hallmark of the activation of the innate immune response
inflammation
2
how is inflammation activated
release of inflammatory mediators
3
what are the signs of inflammation
redness
heat
swelling
pain
loss of function
4
what are the functions of inflammation
recruit immune cell
enhance immune cell function
limit spread of infection
promote tissue repair
5
what are the steps of inflammation
1-tissue damage causes release of inflammatory molecules because sentinel cells and pattern recognition receptors recognize pathogens
2-vasodilation to increase blood flow to damaged area and increase immune cells
3-blood clots localize the infection, abscess forms
4-promote wound healing
6
what does vasodilation cause during inflammation?
redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
7
how does fever response help infection?
decrease viability of pathogen
increase immune cell function
8
what are the sentinel cells
macrophages and mast cells
9
what do sentinel cells do
recognize pathogens and release inflammatory molecules
10
what are the inflammatory molecules and what do they do?
cytokines, chemokines, lipid mediators
1-vasodilation of blood vessels
2-recruit immune cells
3-activate immune cells
11
where are mast cells found
epithelial and mucosal layers
12
where are macrophages found
everywhere in the body
13
what do cytokines released by sentinel cells do
TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-gamma
enhance immune cell function, regulate vascular permeability
14
what are the important cytokines released by sentinel cells
TNF, IL-1, IL-6
15
what do lipid mediators do
alter vascular permeability, vasodilation, contraction of smooth muscle
16
what does histamine do
increase vascular permeability, increase vasodilation, increase pain responses
17
how does recruitment infection work
1-TNF and IL-1 are released from mast and macrophages to alter blood vessel endothelium. decreased cell to cell contacts and increase permeability
2- E and P selectin on vessel bind selectin ligand on cell to slow it down and roll
3-chemokine on vessel bind chemokine ligand on cell to activate integrin
4-integrin on immune cell bind integrin ligand on vessel (iCAM-1) to stop the cell
5-cell moves across vessel to infection
18
How does TNF work systemically
stimulate adipose and muscle for stored energy (immune system requires lots of energy)
19
How does the liver promote immunity systemically
release acute phase reactants after IL-1 and IL-6 stimulate
20
what do acute phase reactants do?
immunity and wound healing
21
what is C reactive proteins
an acute phase reactant used as a clinical marker for inflammation
22
when is inflammation good?
localized
23
when is inflammation bad?
systemically
24
systemic inflammation can lead to what?
widespread vasodilation, low blood pressure, edema, collapse of blood vessels and organ failure and death
25
high fever can lead to what
respiratory and CV disease, fatal
26
what is the positive control feedback for inflammation
TNF and IL-1
27
what are the negative feedback for inflammation
IL-1Ra to inhibit IL-1
soluble TNF receptors
immune suppressants cytokines TGF-B and IL-10
28
what is DIRA and symptoms
lack of IL-1Ra, skin pustules, widening and lesions of bones
29
treatment for DIRA
anakinra- recombinant IL-1Ra
30
